Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria responsible for major crop losses throughout the world. In grapevine they cause grapevine yellows, a detrimental disease associated with a variety of symptoms. The high economic impact of this disease has sparked considerable interest among researchers to understand molecular mechanisms related to pathogenesis. Increasing evidence exist ...

Glutaredoxins (GRXs) are ubiquitous glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes implicated in redox homeostasis, particularly oxidative stress response. Three major classes of GRX genes exist, the CPYC, CGFS classes are present in all pro- and eukaryote species, whereas the CC-type class GRXs are specific to land plants. In the basal land plant Physcomitrella patens, only two CC-type GRXs are ...

Fungal pathogens destroy our crops and cause hazardous human infections, therefore threatening health food security. The ability of fungal to sense respond dynamic host microenvironments enables the establishment progression disease. Sensing nutritional cues is vital throughout infection either plants or mammals: enabling pathogen invade, adapt survive in face immunity. Acquiring nutrients from...

background: platanus species are widely cultured around the world and considered an important cause of allergic reactions. in the present study, we developed a sandwich elisa to quantify pla or 3 allergen in p. orientalis pollen extracts grown near high-traffic roads and compared it to pollen extracts collected from rural areas as control. methods: pollen samples were collected from three pollu...

liver fibrosis is a potentially reversible response to hepatic insults, triggered by different chronic diseases most importantly viral hepatitis, alcoholic, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. in the course of the chronic liver disease, hepatic fibrogenesis may develop, which is attributed to various types of cells, molecules, and pathways. activated hepatic stellate cell (hsc), the primary ...

Bacteria from the genus Methylobacterium interact symbiotically (endophytically and epiphytically) with different plant species. These interactions can promote plant growth or induce systemic resistance, increasing plant fitness. The plant colonization is guided by molecular communication between bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-plants, where the bacteria recognize specific exuded compounds by ot...

During viral infections, the complex and dynamic distributions of variants, termed viral quasispecies, play a key role in the adaptability of viruses to changing environments and the fate of the population as a whole. Mutant spectra are continuously and avoidably generated during RNA genome replication, and they are not just a by-product of error-prone replication, devoid of biological relevanc...