soapnuts, generally grows in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia. It was reported that S. mukorossi possessed efficient natural surfactants and has served as commercial ingredient of shampoo and cosmetic cleansers. In addition, some pharmacological effects including anthelmintic, antidermatophytic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antitussive, cytotoxic, haemolytic, and molluscicidal acti...

Goto and Gibler (5) r e p o r t e d that nematodes in leaf galls on Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. near St. Paul, Minnesota, resembled Anguillulina graminophila [= Subanguina graminophila (T. Goodey, 1933) Brzeski, 1981]. Wu (10) descr ibed Anguina calamagrostis Wu, 1967, later renamed Subanguina calamagrostis (Wu, 1967) Brzeski, 1981 (3), as occur r ing on C. canadensis in On ta r io...

Root-knot nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne are important pathogens affecting vegetable crop production in Brazil and worldwide. The pepper species Capsicum annuum includes both hot and sweet peppers; very little emphasis has been placed on breeding sweet peppers for nematode resistance. We report on the inheritance of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood race 2 in the...

Plants draw from various genetically controlled defenses to protect against herbivores and pathogens. The efficacy of alternative can vary with the biology phylogeny enemy. Dryocosmus kuriphilus , an invasive gall maker native China, has become one main pests chestnut trees around world. We studied genetic variation in resistance susceptibility D. within a replicated blocked planting 12 genotyp...

I report the Þrst example of communal parasitism in galling aphids and quantify the effects of gall invasion by the inquiline aphid Tamalia inquilina Miller on its host, Tamalia coweni (Cockerell). On populations of the host plants Arctostaphylos spp., both T. coweni and T. inquilina exhibited facultatively communal behavior and co-occupied galls with no apparent agonistic interactions. Althoug...

There are over 200 species of nematine sawflies that induce galls on willows (Salix spp.). Most of the species are mono- or oligophagous, and they can be separated into seven or eight different groups based on the type of gall that they induce. We studied the evolution of different gall types and host plant associations by reconstructing the phylogeny of five outgroup and 31 ingroup species usi...

The published records of jumping plant-lice from Brazil comprise 70 named species but four are erroneous or doubtful. For one species a variety has been described with uncertain status. Seven named species records are added here based on recent collections bringing the number of valid species to 73. Four new combinations are proposed: Colophorina favis (Brown & Hodkinson) (from Euphalerus), Eur...

Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) trees are hosts to a complex of gall making arthropods. However, the bullet galls produced by the asexual generation of the cynipid Disholcaspis quercuscirens (Ashmead) can esthetically and physically damage nursery and street trees, and thus reduce tree value. We sought to describe the unknown sexual generation of D. quercusvirens, describe the development o...