Glutathione transferases are multifunctional proteins involved in several diverse intracellular events such as primary and secondary metabolisms, signaling and stress metabolism. These enzymes have been subdivided into eight classes in plants. The Phi class, being plant specific, is the most represented. In the present study, based on the sequences available at GenBank, different primers were d...

Abstract Background Influenza viruses are a continuous threat to avian and mammalian species, causing epidemics pandemics. After the circulation of H5N1 in 2006, 2015, 2016 Iraq, an H5N8 influenza virus emerged domestic geese Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. This study analyzed genetic characteristics Iraqi viruses. Results An HPAI subtype was identified from backyard Kurdistan Region, north Phylog...

serovar isolated from a canal in Louisiana in 1978 revealed it to be identical to that of V. cholerae 01 isolated in 1905 from a pilgrim at the El Tor quarantine station. The two strains are associated with sharply contrasting habitats. Ranges of variation of 5 to 15% in procaryotic 5S rRNA sequences between species are typical; variation within species may be 2% or greater. Because the 5S rRNA...

Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) is one of the most popular distance-based methods to reconstruct an equidistant phylogenetic tree from a distance matrix computed alignment sequences. Since we use trees as gene for phylogenomic analyses under multi-species coalescent model and since input each in genome estimated via maximum likelihood estimators, it important conduct r...