Mass energy absorption coefficients and effective atomic numbers for photon energy absorption, ZPEAeff have been calculated in the energy range from 1 keV to 20 MeV for human tissues, Adipose Tissue, Blood Whole, Bone Cortical, Brain Grey/White Matter, Breast Tissue, Eye Lens, Lung Tissue, Muscle Skeletal, Ovary, Testis, Soft Tissue. Mass energy absorption coefficients and effective atomic numb...

Non-equilibrium phonons provide a valuable method for studying the interactions of carriers in low temperature photon and particle detectors, and hence of characterising their performance. Superconducting tunnel junctions (STJs) are widely used as sensitive photon detectors throughout the electromagnetic spectrum [1]. We describe investigations of the response of STJ detectors in which the effe...

The e ect of residual 0 mass shift after \ideal" single photon calibration is discussed. For the case of the BABAR detector, operating in the (4S) energy region, the shift is estimated to be of the order of 2%. We discuss a new photon energy calibration algorithm using photons produced in 0 and decays. Based on 10 (4S) decays, we achieve a statistical error of better than 0.5% in the photon ene...

Our cell survival data showed the obvious dependence of RBE on photon energy: The RBE value for 200 kV X-rays was approximately 10% greater than those for mega-voltage photon beams. In radiation therapy using mega-voltage photon beams, the photon energy distribution outside the field is different with that in the radiation field because of a large number of low energy scattering photons. Hence,...

In this paper we reinvestigate photon. We show that photon with a specific frequency can be identified with the Dirac magnetic monopole. We give a model of quantum electrodynamics from which we derive photon as a quantum loop of this model. This nonlinear loop model of photon is exactly solvable and thus may be regarded as a quantum soliton. From the winding numbers of this loop model of photon...