The advent of a next linear e ± e − collider and back-scatterd laser beams will allow the study of a vast array of high energy processes of the Standard Model through the fusion of real and virtual photons and other gauge bosons. As examples, I discuss virtual photon scattering γ * γ * → X in the region dominated by BFKL hard Pomeron exchange and report the predicted cross sections at present a...

Engineering light at the single photon level is a long-standing goal in physics. In this thesis, we investigate optical nonlinearities at the single photon level orchestrated by an optical cavity. We demonstrate an all-optical transistor where one stored ‘gate’ photon controls the propagation of a ’source’ light beam. The system is based on EIT and a highcooperativity cavity. Each ’gate’ photon...

Background: Near infrared spectroscopy imaging is one of the new techniques used for investigating structural and functionality of different body tissues. This is done by injecting light into the medium and measuring the photon intensity at the surface of the tissue.Method: In this paper the different medical applications, various imaging and simulation techniques of NIRS imaging is described. ...

Introduction: Heterogeneity correction is an important parameter in dose calculation for cancer patients where it may be cause inaccuracy in dose calculation as a result of different densities of patients. This study studied the impact of dose calculation of breast cancer patients with and without heterogeneity correction. Material and Methods: Twenty breast cancer patients were treated with Th...

introduction: this study was designed to evaluate dosimetric parameters such as rectal dose, bladder dose, integral dose (id), homogeneity index (hi) and conformity index (ci) in various treatment plans for prostate cancer. materials and methods: pelvic computed tomography (ct) scans of 27 patients were acquired and transferred to the rtdoseplan treatment planning system. for each patient, 8 co...

We consider strong-field effects in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas and high intensity laser and cavity systems, related to quantum electrodynamical (QED) photon–photon scattering. Current state-of-the-art laser facilities are close to reaching energy scales at which laboratory astrophysics will become possible. In such high energy density laboratory astrophysical systems, quantum electrod...

To gain a better understanding of molecular and biochemical events involved in light intensity adaptations of Dunaliella salina, we studied the expression of phytoen synthase (psy) gene; pigments, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids accumulation under two light intensities. The cells were pre-cultured under 50 µmol photon m-2s-1 light intensity and then transferred to two different light intensi...

Introduction: Craniospinal radiotherapy is a therapeutic technique for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, which requires meticulous attention to technique and dosimetry.Treatment planning system (TPS) is one of the main equipment in radiotherapy; therefore, the evaluation of its accuracy is essential for dose calculation. The present study evaluates the validity of Isogray TPS in craniospinal...

From the photon-added one-photon nonlinear coherent states a†m|α, f〉, we introduce a new type of nonlinear coherent states with negative values of m. The nonlinear coherent states corresponding to the positive and negative values of m are shown to be the result of nonunitarily deforming the number states |m〉 and |0〉, respectively. As an example, we study the sub-Poissonian statistics and squeez...

Dissipation-free photon-photon interactions at the single photon level is studied in the context of cavity electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). For single atoms in the strong coupling regime exhibiting EIT, photon-photon interaction is bounded above by the single atom-photon coupling strength. Photon blockade and antibunching occur for both single and multi-atom cases. It is shown th...