Observed surface downward longwave radiances from the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) were compared with line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) calculations from April 1994 to November 1996 for “clear-sky conditions” in the 800-1250 atmospheric The observed radiance data used herein were measured by the window region. Results show that the mean AERI-LBLRTM AERI at the...

Leptothrix species, one of the Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacteria, oxidize Fe(II) and produce extracellular, microtubuar, Fe-encrusted sheaths. Since protein(s) involved in Fe(II) oxidation is excreted from Leptothrix cells, the oxidation from Fe(II) to Fe(III) and subsequent Fe(III) deposition to sheaths have been thought to occur in the vicinity or within the sheaths. Previously, Fe(III) particles gene...

The EOS-TERRA MODIS and MISR instruments provide radiances for independent spectral and stereo retrievals of cloud top height (CTH), respectively. Collocated and coincident CTH retrievals were compared against each other and with coincident millimeter-wave radar (MMCR) retrievals over the British Isles and the ARM SGP site. This intercomparison suggests close agreement between MMCRR, MODIS and ...

This paper treats low inflation in EMU as a collective action problem for Ecofin. The SGP and more broadly the BEPG, operating against a background of the ECB and wage-setting, are the instruments for this. The ECB delegates sanctioning to the member-states while preserving the authority to set interest rates. Labour relations systems in different countries pursue disinflationary wage settlemen...

Measurements from passive microwave satellite instruments such as the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit B (AMSU-B) are sensitive to both liquid and ice cloud particles. Radiative transfer modeling is exploited to simulate the response of the AMSU-B instrument to mixed-phase clouds over land. The plane-parallel radiative transfer model employed for the study accounts for scattering and absorption...

Many applications use the NORAD SGP4 orbital model for predicting satellite ephemerides and often these applications require knowledge of the errors associated with those predictions. Unfortunately, the SGP4 orbital data, in the form of two-line element (TLE) sets, does not provide any kind of accuracy information. Some approaches have been published which purport to estimate these errors by pe...

In this study, long-term (10 years) radiosonde-based cloud data are compared with the ground-based active remote sensing product under six prevailing large-scale synoptic patterns, i.e., cyclonic center (CC), weak pressure pattern (WP), the southeast bottom of cyclonic center (CB), cold front (CF), anticyclone edge (AE) and anticyclone center (AC) over the Southern Great Plains (SGP) site. The ...

Most existing models of Stackelberg security games ignore the underlying topology of the space in which targets and defence resources are located. As a result, allocation of resources is restricted to a discrete collection of exogenously defined targets. However, in many practical security settings, defense resources can be located on a continuous plane. Better defense solutions could therefore...

The European Fiscal Framework and the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) have had great significance since the completion of the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999. The current enforcement and credibility problems, and discussion about reforming the SGP, as well as the failure to impose sanctions and early warnings against states in breach of the Pact, have introduced a new subject for economic...