Pyrethroid chemicals are attractive alternatives to the organophosphates (OPs) because of their selective toxicity against pests rather than mammals. The carboxylesterases (CEs) are hepatic enzymes that metabolize ester-containing xenobiotics such as pyrethroids. The primary aim of this study was to gain insight into the catalytic properties of the CE enzymes in humans that metabolize pyrethroi...

Comparative Efficacy of Vinegar Before and After using Permethrin Shampoo for Removal Head Lice in the Elementary School Students

it was shown that permethrin resistance in adult anopheles stephensi is due to at least three separate mechanisms. cytochrome p-450s and esterases are responsible for two-thirds of the 8-fold enhanced tolerance of the dub-apr resistant strain as compared with a sensitive strain, ind-s. it was postulated that target site insensitivity is also involved. to test this hypothesis, we conducted a neu...

Objective: To determine if, in patients with head lice, spinosad cream rinse is more effective than permethrin. Design: Two identical, multicenter, randomized, evaluator/investigator-blinded, active-controlled trials. Setting: Twelve clinical research centers from the United States. Patients: People older than 6 months with live lice infestation as assessed by an evaluator. Intervention: Cluste...

BACKGROUND The dengue and Zika viruses are primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are most active during day light hours and feed both in and outside of the household. Personal protection technologies such as insecticide-treated clothing could provide individual protection. Here we assessed the efficacy of permethrin-treated clothing on personal protection in the laboratory. ...

an investigation was carried out on permethrin-susceptible and resistant strain of malaria vector, an.stephensi. efficacy of several pyrethroids such as permetrhrin, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, cypermethrin and cyfluthrin against this species showed that those with an α-cyano group and dibromo substitutions were more toxic to sensitive strains than the other classes like permethrin. the ra...

The residual activity of permethrin on the canvas of an experimental tent, used by nomadic refugees in a malarious area in northern Pakistan, was assessed. A permethrin emulsion sprayed on the inner sheet of a pitched double-fly tent (0.5 g/m2) had an effective residue for at least 6 months in bioassays using the local malaria vectors, Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles culcifacies. However, a h...

Twelve strains of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Linnaeus) were collected from various locations in Peninsular Malaysia and tested for their susceptibility to three groups of insecticides applied topically. The levels of resistance were low to high (2.8 to 92×) for carbamates (propoxur and bendiocarb), low (2.0 to 7.6×) for organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) and low to moderate (1.0 to 23×)...

A previous study identified 3 nonsynonymous and 6 synonymous mutations in the entire mosquito sodium channel of Culex quinquefasciatus, the prevalence of which were strongly correlated with levels of resistance and increased dramatically following insecticide selection. However, it is unclear whether this is unique to this specific resistant population or is a common mechanism in field mosquito...

The status of resistance to three insecticides (permethrin, stirofos, and methoxychlor), relative to a laboratory-susceptible colony, was evaluated in field populations of house flies, Musca domestica L., collected from two beef cattle feedlots in southeastern Nebraska. Topical application and residual exposure to treated glass surfaces were suitable methods for determining the resistance statu...