The use of exterior pcnalty formulations of boundary value problems as a basis for the development of finite element methods has gained much popularity in recent times. Such methods frequently lead to fewer unknowns than Illultiplier methods: they sometimes provide regularity that admits the use of numerical schcmes that might not be otherwisc applicable. alld they can produce one-parameter fam...

Kalyanmoy Deb and Samir Agrawal Kanpur Genetic Algorithms Laboratory (KanGAL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, PIN 208 016, India E-mail: deb,samira @iitk.ac.in Abstract Most applications of genetic algorithms (GAs) in handling constraints use a straightforward penalty function method. Such techniques involve penalty parameters which must be set righ...

In this paper, first the validity of 3-D DDA is examined by comparing its solution for dynamic block displacement with analytical solution. Displacement of a single block on an inclined plane subjected to a dynamic loading is studied for analytical solution with respect to the frictional resistance offered by the inclined slope. 3-D DDA predicts accurately the analytical displacements. The modi...