the large body of evidence we have today, for reorganization , repair and functional recovery after injury, the underline mechanisms for these combined processes are still unclear. This " blind spot " has negative impact on development of treatment strategies in the near future. To solve this issue, it is not easy to reconcile divergent opinions, despite all new available research technologies:...

Since 1996, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) has been investigating pathophysiological processes underlying ischemic heart disease in women related outcomes. Recent findings have focused on with signs symptoms of ischemia no obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) their elevated risk for failure preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)...

Cystatin C (Cys-C) is a protease inhibitor that can be produced by nuclear cells in the human body. Its principal function to inhibit activity of various cysteine proteases vivo. In addition, Cys-C also plays an essential role regulating antigen presentation, extracellular matrix degradation, and balance protein production decomposition living cells. involved pathophysiological processes chroni...

In recent years, significant findings with respect to the association of gut microbiota and various human diseases have been discovered. The diversity can be explained by a multitude interactions between intrinsic environmental factors that are unique each individual. This uniqueness may explain why some individuals more prone develop cardiovascular diseases. Gut dysbiosis plays role in pathoph...

Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of diabetes caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, myocardial fibrosis, and lipotoxicity; its nature insidious, complex difficult to treat. NLRP3 inflammasome triggers the maturation release pro-inflammatory cytokines, participates in pathophysiological processes such as resistance addition being closely related deve...

Cerebral malaria is among the major causes of malaria-associated mortality and effective adjunctive therapeutic strategies are currently lacking. Central pathophysiological processes involved in the development of cerebral malaria include an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to Plasmodium infection, endothelial cell activation, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. However,...