This paper reviews findings from 58 prospective studies of illicit substance use (ISU) among adolescents. It arranges 384 findings according to three types of influence (viz., social, attitudinal, and intrapersonal) and four levels of influence (viz., ultimate, distal, proximal, and immediate). The bulk of evidence reconfirms the importance of several predictors of ISU (e.g., intentions and pri...

Article: Within the fields of child development and child clinical psychology, recognition is growing of the important role that families, in particular parents, play in the growth and development of children. Compared with a simplistic unidirectional view, researchers and clinicians increasingly have conceptualized parent-child influences from a more realistic transactional pattern 14,15,62 or...

In this article we report a graded relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and children’s antisocial behavior that (1) can be observed at school entry, (2) widens across childhood, (3) remains after controlling for family-level SES and risk, and (4) is completely mediated by maternal warmth and parental monitoring (defined throughout as supportive parenting). Children were ...

Few researchers have assessed family interaction patterns associated with childhood depression, especially using observations in natural settings. We directly sampled the interaction patterns of families with depressed, conduct-disordered, mixed depressed-conduct-disordered, and comparison children ages 7-14 years in their homes during the evening meal. Observational measures were taken of posi...

This study attempted to improve upon previous qualitative research by conducting a large scale, quantitative study on the parental experience in special education. 76 parents of children receiving special education services were surveyed regarding their communication with school personnel, the focus of their child’s education, involvement in the IEP meeting, and satisfaction. It was found that ...

Parental mentalizing—parents’ capacity to appreciate, even unconsciously, the infant’s mental states and their role in motivating behavior—is related to infant attachment security and other social and cognitive capacities. Yet virtually all current measurements of parental mentalizing rely on parents’ semantic and verbal expressions. Despite the demonstrated value of this approach, exclusive re...

background: as a social destructive phenomenon, substance abuse causes destruction of family structure and, most importantly, behavioural problems and psychological stress for children. therefore this study has been conducted to compare parental communication patterns and self-esteem between adolescents with substance-abused parents with control group.  materials and methods: in this descriptiv...

The thesis of this chapter is that evolutionary theory can make a major contribution to conceptualizing children's internalization of values. The paper is broadly divided into four sections: The first section develops an evolutionary framework in which internalization is a facet of high-investment parenting and is expected to co-vary with a number of other life history variables, including age ...

ABSTRACT The necessity of early education is confirmed by a large body of research, particularly that which reveals the emergence of mental test score differences between children of different social classes during the crucial period of early language development, the second year of life. The evidence indicates that verbal comprehension relates highly to intelligence test scores, to reading ach...