Endogenous codeine and morphine were identified in rat brain by immunological determination following HPLC. To demonstrate occurrence of a biosynthetic pathway to morphine in mammals similar to that used by the poppy plant, (+)-salutaridine, (-)-thebaine, and (-)-codeine were administered to rats intravenously. These compounds, which are intermediates in the synthesis of morphine in Papaver som...

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes records, confirmations, and exclusions to Italian administrative regions. New combinations genera Pilosella Roemeria proposed. Furthermore, name Papaver siculum is lectotypified. Nomenclatural updates, published elsewhere, corrigenda provided as Suppl. material 1.

Papaver libanoticum is an endemic plant to Lebanese region (family Papaveraceae) that has not been investigated before. The present study aimed to explore the analgesic activity of dried ethanolic extract of Papaver libanoticum (PLE) using tail flick, hot plate, and acetic acid induced writhing models in mice. The involvement of opioid receptors in the analgesic mechanism was investigated using...

Links between licit and illicit economies fuel processes of conflict in countries mired in irregular warfare. However, it is often infeasible to gather demographic and economic data in the war zone that illuminate such links. Combining remote sensing data with local surveys offers an alternative to direct data collection. We present and validate an implementation of such an approach in order to...