Background Health expenditures are divided in two parts of public and private health expenditures. Public health expenditures contain social security spending, taxing to private and public sectors, and foreign resources like loans and subventions. On the other hand, private health expenditures contain out of pocket expenditures and private insurances. Each of these has different effects on the ...

Unemployment hysteresis of Middle East and North African (MENA) countries is investigated under a battery unit root testing frameworks in the extant literature, including recently proposed Panel SUR Dickey-Fuller-like test with Fourier Exponential Smooth Transition Regression (ESTR) nonlinearities. The function allows for smooth nonlinear breaks, while ESTR nonlinearity instantaneous breaks. tw...

The aim of this study is to examine the validity Fama's efficient market hypothesis for G7 countries. In context, effectiveness test on weak form was conducted with help non-stationary panel unit root tests within countries period 1990-2020. Firstly, cross section dependence examined CDlm test. As a result presence dependency, CADF and Hadri Kurozumi second generation tests, which take into acc...

The asymptotic local power of least squares based …xed-T panel unit root tests allowing for a structural break in their individual e¤ects and/or incidental trends of the AR(1) panel data model is studied. These tests correct the least squares estimator of the autoregressive coe¢ cient of this panel data model for its inconsistency due to the individual e¤ects and/or incidental trends of the pan...

T his paper is to examine the mean reverting properties of inflation rates for Iran’s 25 provinces over the period from 1990:4 to 2017:7. To the end, we use various conventional univariate linear and non-linear unit root tests, as well as quantile unit root test by Koenker and Xiao (2004). Results of conventional unit root tests indicate that the null hypothesis of the unit root test...

Numerous studies have addressed the question of the econometric specification of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). This paper adds preliminary results on nonstationarity and its effect on functional form using a panel data set for the U.S. by state from 1929 to 1994. It is found that unit-root tests strongly support a unit root in pollutants (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide) and income w...