Insect fungus gardens consist of a community of interacting microorganisms that can have either beneficial or detrimental effects to the farmers. In contrast to fungus-farming ants and termites, the fungal communities of ambrosia beetles and the effects of particular fungal species on the farmers are largely unknown. Here, we used a laboratory rearing technique for studying the filamentous fung...

Bee pollen, which is filled into the cells of honeycomb by honeybees to use in nutrition, enriched with digestive enzymes and organic acids from honey salivary gland secretions honeybees. Lactic acid fermentation takes place comb cell under anaerobic conditions bee bread formed. We have limited knowledge about bacteria yeasts are involved process. Samples collected 8 different beehives same api...

during 2009–10, cheese samples were collected from shops and cheese factories in fars and khuzestan provinces. isolates were recovered from cheese using malt extract agar (mea) and potato dextrose agar (pda). teleomorphic characteristics such as morphology of ascocarps, asci, ascospores and anamorphic characteristics such as conidiophores, phialides, conidia and chlamydospores were investigated...

Heat resistant fungi can be defined as those capable of surviving temperatures at or above 75°C for 30 or more minutes. The fungal structures which can survive these temperatures are ascospores, and sometimes chlamydospores, thick walled hyphae or sclerotia (Scholte et al., 2000). During the last three years, spoilage incidents involving heat resistant fungi occurred increasingly in various pro...

The composition of methylated fatty acids from wood, bark, and leaves of Brachychiton diversifolius was analyzed for the first time using gas chromatography (GC). The results indicated that the major methyl ester of fatty acids found in wood, bark, and leaves were: myristic acid (8.32%), palmitic acid (15.66%), and palmitic acid (9.95%), respectively. In accordance to the biological effects of ...