In this paper, we consider fuzzy inventory with backorder. First, we fuzzify the storing cost a, backorder cost b, cost of placing an order c, total demand r, order quantity q, and shortage quantity s as the triangular fuzzy numbers in the total cost. From these, we can obtain the fuzzy total cost. Using the signed distance method to defuzzify, we get the estimate of the total cost in the fuzzy...

Examining two different changes in retail format, we show that consumers alter their purchase behavior when the retail context changes. In both settings, the change in purchasing behavior is consistent with the effect being driven by an interpersonal interaction between the consumer and the retail clerk. We therefore model the change in format as a “social friction” in which consumers may not p...

Sensitivity to cats and exposure to cat allergen is a common cause of asthma exacerbation in children. To date, there is no data on the prevalence of cat sensitivity in children living in North Italy. Therefore, a 7-yr survey was performed in patients attending an allergy clinic for the first time. Skin prick tests (SPT) for perennial allergens and for pollens relevant to the region were perfor...

PURPOSE Little is known about social inequalities in disability in the elderly. We examined the extent and determinants of socioeconomic inequalities in disability and functional limitation in elderly men in Britain. METHODS Disability was ascertained as problems with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADL in a socioeconomically representative sample of 3,981 men from 24 Briti...

The purposeof this studywas to Analyzing factors that effecting on rangeland degradation. Statistical population of this research consisted of whole farmer in Pirtaj district (N= 1600); from that 120 farmer were selected as sample using cluster sampling. The main tool to collect data was a researcher made questionnaire that Content validity of the questionnaire was approved, by a panel of exper...

Human social life is structured by social norms creating both obligations and entitlements. Recent research has found that young children enforce simple obligations against norm violators by protesting. It is not known, however, whether they understand entitlements in the sense that they will actively object to a second party attempting to interfere in something that a third party is entitled t...

The Second World War transformed Florida residential architecture in the 1940s through development of new technologies: prefabrication, material innovations, increased industrial production, innovations lighting, and improvement thermal comfort design. These technological advancements combined with budget constraints cultural shifts from called for a national dialogue to define what was ideal p...

Managers engage in income smoothing either to communicate private information about future earnings to investors (informativeness hypothesis) or to distort financial performance for opportunistic purposes (opportunism hypothesis). Business cycles and the monitoring role of institutional ownership may affect the earnings informativeness of income smoothing. The purpose of this research is to exa...