1. Introduction Why is forcing the only known method for constructing outer models of set theory? If V is a standard transitive model of ZFC, then a standard transitive model W of ZFC is an outer model of V if V ⊆ W and V ∩ OR = W ∩ OR. Is every outer model of a given model a generic extension? At one point Solovay conjectured that if 0 # exists, then every real that does not construct 0 # lies...

(a) The medians intersect in a point interior to the triangle, called the centroid, which divides each of the medians in the ratio 2 : 1. (b) The medians form a new triangle, called the median triangle. (c) The area of the median triangle is 3/4 of the area of the given triangle in which the medians were constructed. (d) The median triangle of the median triangle is similar to the given triangl...

The mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis proceeds when molecules sequestered between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes are released to the cytosol by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). This process is controlled by the BCL-2 family, which is composed of both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Although there is no disagreement that BCL-2 proteins regulate apoptosis, the...

The pro-apoptotic protein Bax commits a cell to death by permeabilizing the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). To obtain small-molecule probes for elucidating the molecular mechanism(s) of Bax activation, we screened for compounds that induced Bax-mediated liposome permeabilization. We identified five structurally different small molecules that promoted both Bax targeting to and oligomerizatio...

background outer membrane protein d (pd) is a highly conserved and stable protein in the outer membrane of both encapsulated (typeable) and non-capsulated (non-typeable) strains of haemophilus influenzae. as an immunogen, pd is a potential candidate vaccine against non-typeable h. influenzae (nthi) strains. objectives the aim of this study was to determine the cytokine pattern and the opsonic a...

in river meandering, when flow passes through a bend, reduction of flow velocity and rising hydrostatic pressure cause super elevation phenomena at outer side and reduction of water surface at inner-side of the bend. a helical motion results, causing erosion of the outer side of the bend. installation of submerged vanes on the stream bed can reduce erosion of the outer bank significantly. in th...

We study the dynamics of outer billiards with contraction outside polygons. The dynamics can be either regular or chaotic, depending on the parameters.

The outer solar system extends beyond a heliocentric distance of 5AU. It contains the giant planets and their systems (rings and satellites), the Kuiper belt, the comets (except those which approach episodically the inner solar system) and, at its outer edge, the Oort cloud. The outer solar system physically corresponds to the region located outside the « snow line » which corresponded to the d...

This paper solves the anticharacterization problem first identified in [S1]. Perhaps the most striking instance of this problem is that, working relative to just ZFC, there is no uniform first-order definition of the family of subsets of ω 2 that have a closed unbounded (club) subset in some ω 1 and ω 2 preserving outer model. Other examples concern large homogeneous sets for partitions and cof...

We study straight-line drawings of graphs where the vertices are placed in convex position in the plane, i.e., convex drawings. We consider two families of graph classes with nice convex drawings: outer k-planar graphs, where each edge is crossed by at most k other edges; and, outer k-quasi-planar graphs where no k edges can mutually cross. We show that the outer k-planar graphs are (b √ 4k + 1...