This chapter invites the reader to rediscover Nikolai Marr’s scientific work, which is situated at intersection of archaeology, linguistics, and anthropological language theory. linguistic models, Sergei Eisenstein compared a reading Joyce’s Ulysses, underwent however multiple waves critique. His heterodox materialism, originating in an archaeological vision history leading speculative ‘palaeon...

common stock is the most important and popular instrument in our capital market. every day, large volumes of stocks are traded on the tehran stock exchange and their ownership is transferred from one investor (natural or fictitious persons) to others. 'sales' is the term commonly used for this act in capital market and among investors. our hypothesis is that the common stocks could be...

the rational expectations permanent income hypothesis implies that consumption follows a martingale. however, most empirical tests have rejected the hypothesis. those empirical tests are based on linear models. if the data generating process is non-linear, conventional tests may not assess some of the randomness properly. as a result, inference based on conventional tests of linear models can b...