How are claims about what people ought to do related to claims about what ought to be the case? That is, how are claims about of personal obligation, of the form s ought to φ, related to claims about impersonal obligation, of the form it ought to be the case that p? Many philosophers have held that the former type of claim can be reduced to the latter. In particular, they have held a view known...

Abstract According to the Fittingness Defense, even if consequences of anger are overall bad, it does not follow that we should aim avoid it. This is because fitting involves an accurate appraisal wrongdoing and essential for appreciating injustice signaling our disapproval (Srinivasan 2018; Shoemaker 2018). My in this paper show Defense fails. While appraisals prima facie rational justified on...

How is what an agent ought to do related to what an agent ought to prefer that she does? More precisely, suppose we know what an agent’s preference ordering ought to be over the outcomes of performing the various courses of action open to her. Can we infer from this information how she ought to act, and if so, how can we infer it? One view (which, for convenience, I will call ‘actualism’) is th...

Abstract This article describes how the facts in social reality take an intermediate position between objective and purely subjective ‘facts’. In turn, these can be subdivided into constructivist non-constructivist facts. The defining difference is that are completely determined by approximate consensus members of a group, while founded such but nevertheless questioned. Ought fact Because they ...

In his article, the author points out gradual domination of leftists in universities, which eventually affected all American institutions. This is very evident today leftist attitudes media, legal profession, bureaucracy, government, and even clergy. The argues that because this transformation, if one wants to assess state society, must address what has happened universities. As universities ha...

Self-Discrepancy Theory (SDT) proposes that ideal-self discrepancies predict dejection/depression and ought-self discrepancies predict agitation/anxiety, but individual differences research has rarely found clear support for this pattern. After considering methodological and statistical reasons for these mixed findings, the present research tested SDT’s predictions using a multivariate structur...