A broad spectrum of organic chemicals is essential to modern society. Once discharged from industrial, domestic and urban sources into the urban wastewater collection system they may transfer to the residual solids during wastewater treatment and assessment of their significance and implications for beneficial recycling of the treated sewage sludge biosolids is required. Research on organic con...

Humans are exposed to organotins, like trimethyltin (TMT) chloride via air, water and food, and intoxication might result in severe health complications. Toxic effects of organotin compounds are well documented, but possible mechanisms remain unclear and only little information is available how organometallic species interact with calcium controlling mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this work ...

BACKGROUND There has been increasing interest in the concept that exposures to environmental chemicals may be contributing factors to the epidemics of diabetes and obesity. On 11-13 January 2011, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Division of the National Toxicology Program (NTP) organized a workshop to evaluate the current state of the science on these topics of in...

Semi volatile organochemicals such as chlorinated organophosphorus and organotin compounds are detected in many indoor materials and residential house dust samples. Chlorinated phosphorus based flame retardants are found in 90 % of over 1,500 house dust samples ranging from 0.1 to 1,300 mg/kg. The results of material samples show that many polyurethane soft foams, sealants, and finishes contain...

Organotins are a group of chemical compounds that have a tin atom covalently bound to one or more organic groups. The best-studied organotin is tributyltin chloride, which is an environmental pollutant and an endocrine disruptor. Tributyltin chloride has been shown to bind to PPARγ/RXRα and induces adipogenesis in different mammalian cells. However, there are few studies with other organotin co...

The active vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) imprints gut-homing specificity on lymphocytes upon activation by inducing the expression of α4β7 integrin and CCR9. RA receptor (RAR) activation is essential for their expression, whereas retinoid X receptor (RXR) activation is not essential for α4β7 expression. However, it remains unclear whether RXR activation affects the RA-dependent CCR9 e...

In the apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata), females have an undifferentiated mass of tissue near the anus. Although this mass is called the vestigial penis, there are no signs of a hermaphroditic gonad or any structure that represents a transition from one sex to the other. Based on considerations of the steroid hormone theory of reproduction and in view of disruption of endocrine systems in mol...

This biennial review covers developments in water analysis over the period of 2003-2004. A few significant references that appeared between January and February 2005 are also included. Analytical Chemistry’s current policy is to limit reviews to include 100-200 significant references and to mainly focus on new trends. As a result, as was done in the previous 2003 water analysis review (1), this...

Dust is seldom innocuous. At the very least, it can earn homeowners a reputation for lax housekeeping. More important from a health perspective, it can also exacerbate asthma and allergies. Growing evidence suggests this humble material may pose other health threats caused in part by metals and other potentially toxic substances that hitchhike on core particles. In traditional risk assessment, ...