introduction one of the critical issues associated with sustainability in the twenty-first century is how cities are growing and developing in the space. rapid urban growth and physical development of cities cause disintegration of the spatial organization of cities and consequently spatial inequality between urban spaces. this phenomenon can be considered as spatial segregation or fragmentatio...

Abstract River floods are among the most common natural disasters worldwide, with substantial economic and humanitarian costs. Despite enormous efforts, gauging risk of extreme unprecedented magnitude is an outstanding challenge. Limited observational data from very high-magnitude flood events hinders prediction efforts identification discharge thresholds marking rise progressively larger flood...