Computer based information management introduces new possibilities and puts partly new requirements on information and classification systems. The rapid develop-ment and dissemination of information technology within the construction sector demands international co-ordination of standards and classification systems. This paper presents the preliminary results of a study of the product model cla...

Organisations can be defined as a set of entities regulated by mechanisms of social order and created by more or less autonomous actors to achieve common goals. Multi-agent systems are a natural choice to design organisational systems due to the proactive and autonomous behaviour of agents. However, in business environments it is necessary to consider the behaviour of the global system and the ...

In Distributed Problem-solving systems a group of purposefully designed computational agents interact and co-ordinate their activities so as to jointly achieve a global task. Social co-ordination is a decentralised mechanism, that sets out from autonomous, non-benevolent agents that interact primarily to improve the degree of attainment of their local goals. One way of ensuring the effectivenes...

A key problem for models of joint action is to explain how co-ordination is established and sustained. Existing accounts emphasize the importance of interaction, demonstrating how collaborative feedback leads to more systematized, stable, and partner-specific referring conventions. However, in addition to conventionalizing referring expressions, recent work demonstrates how interlocutors also r...

Aid co-ordination is a constant theme of discussion among national and international aid agencies in their search for more effectiveness and efficiency in delivering development assistance. This paper seeks to clarify some of the arguments currently made in support of aid co-ordination, and to precise unavoidable trade-offs born of the existence of political costs. It is anchored in the availab...

We investigate how boundaries in knowledge control, sharing and co-ordination influence UK and German manufacturing firms’ innovation activity. Issues of knowledge control related to plant ownership are generally found to be unimportant for innovation, but knowledge sharing between plants affects innovation in UK plants with no in-house R&D capability. More important is that knowledge co-ordina...

Operational design co-ordination has been identified as the basis for an approach to engineering design management that is more comprehensive than those that currently exist. As such, an integrated and holistic approach to operational design co-ordination has been developed that enables design to be managed in a coherent, appropriate and timely manner. Furthermore, the approach has been impleme...

We report canonical and grand-canonical lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the self-assembly of addressable structures comprising hundreds of distinct component types. The nucleation behaviour, in the form of free-energy barriers to nucleation, changes significantly as the co-ordination number of the building blocks is changed from 4 to 8 to 12. Unlike tetrahedral structures - which roughly cor...

The “Dual Ordination” (erbuseng jie ????) is a Vinaya-based ordination procedure introduced to China from ?r? La?k? in the fifth century; late imperial period it came be included main system. It stipulates that full for nuns carried out first front of an assembly bhik?u??s and then another bhik?us. However, contrary this stipulation, ordinations have mainly been conferred women by bhik?us alone...

The arylxenonium cation in the salt [C6F5X e]+ [AsF6]" is isoelectronic to C6F5I, but coordinatively unsaturated with respect to N-bases like MeCN and pyridines. Co-ordination of strongly basic pyridines causes weakening of the Xe-C bond and C6F5 radical formation. The thermal decomposition of pyridine co-ordinated arylxenonium cations gives three groups of products: C-pentafluorophenylated pyr...