In this controlled before-after study the effect of improvements, derived from Lean Six Sigma strategy, on parenteral medication administration errors and the potential risk of harm was determined. During baseline measurement, on control versus intervention ward, at least one administration error occurred in 14 (74%) and 6 (46%) administrations with potential risk of harm in 6 (32%) and 1 (8%) ...

Pharmacological sensitization is defined as an increasing effect of a given drug dose after repeated administrations. Detected over 65 years ago during observations of animal behavior, sensitization provided an anti-thesis to the concept of pharmacological tolerance. In modern neuro-science, the sensitization concept has evolved to reflect neuroadaptive, or perhaps neurotoxic, processes and pha...

researchers within the last few decades because of its great potential utility for rapid drug delivery. It offers an attractive alternative for drugs that have limited oral bioavailability, are destroyed by gastrointestinal (GI) fluid, or are highly susceptible to hepatic first pass or gut-wall metabolism. Nasal drug delivery also offers the convenience and safety of noninvasiveness. In additio...

A patient with septic shock due to extensively drug resistant (XDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cured by optimizing the meropenem (MEM) regimen to obtain at least 40% of the time between two administrations in which drug levels were four times higher than the MIC of the pathogen. As the standard drug dose did not achieve these optimal concentrations, the MEM regimen was progressively increased u...

In cancer chemotherapy, it is important to design treatment strategies that ensure a desired rate of tumor cell kill without unacceptable toxicity. To optimize treatment, we used a mathematical model describing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs, antitumor efficacy, and drug toxicity. This model was associated with constraints on the allowed drug concentrations and amounts, neutropenia, t...

Preparations with essential oils and their dosages applied in the therapy of children’s infectious diseases are well documented. In contrast, information is only sparingly available about uses of isolated pure essential oil compounds for the treatment of such infections. To find out safe antimicrobials from essential oils, microbiological inhibitory data of children pathogens were combined with...

The primary objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of a new anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent 1-(2-amino-pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-6-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-5-isopropyl-1H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione (VP-0502) with its amino acid prodrug alanine amide of VP-0502 (VP-0502AL), following intravenous and oral administrations to rats. The plasma concentrations of both analytes were analy...

Intermittent administrations of dopaminergic agents in hemiparkinsonian rat enhances the behavioral response to subsequent administration of the drugs. This phenomenon is known as "priming" and thought as comparable to drug-induced dyskinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. We investigated the behavioral and electrophysiological changes in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned hemiparkinson...