Currently HIV infection in Kazakhstan is mainly spread among population groups with risk taking behavior (injection drug users - IDUs, sex workers SWs). The lesions and fatalities patients are caused by complications, i.e. the development of opportunistic infections secondary diseases. Timely diagnosis these conditions determines success treatment life expectancy patients. Among superinfections...

Abstract This study provides plausible causal evidence on the effect of executive equity incentives opportunistic manager behavior. I exploit a unique setting created by introduction Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 123R in 2005, which led to an exogenous increase cost option pay, causing substantial decline pay for some firms while leaving others largely unaffected. Using difference-in-diff...

Prior to the enactment of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) of 2005, United States bankruptcy law provided a number of different mechanisms designed to both facilitate credit markets and provide some measure of consumption insurance. The interplay between chapter 7 and chapter 13 discharge procedures in particular influenced debtor behavior such that debtors s...