Patients with symptoms of thyroid-associated orbitopathy are classified on the basis of the clinical activity score (CAS) proposed by Mourits in 1989. Despite its undoubted clinical usefulness, it has several limitations which can decide about the success or failure of the implemented treatment. Numerous reports mention the presence of hemodynamic changes in orbital and bulbar vessels in the co...

Supraophthalmic internal carotid artery infusion of BCNU for brain tumor chemotherapy has been promoted as a method to reduce ocular complications [1-4]. The placement of microcatheters into the supraclinoid carotid artery can occasionally result in selection of the ophthalmic artery, middle cerebral artery, or anterior cerebral artery. This report describes an avoidable complication of microca...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to report the complication profile and safety evaluation of supraselective intra-arterial melphalan chemotherapy in children undergoing treatment with advanced retinoblastoma. METHODS Twelve eyes of 10 children with advanced retinoblastoma (Reese-Ellsworth Group Vb or International Classification Group D) were treated with supraselective intra-ophthalmic a...

(ACA)-anterior communicating artery (AComA) complex are commonly identified at imaging studies, an infraoptic ACA is extremely rare (1-4). In such cases, an anomalous vessel originates from the internal carotid artery (ICA) at the level of the ophthalmic artery, and then pursues an infraoptic and prechiasmatic path to supply the ACA. We describe a case of in which this anomaly coexisted with a ...

Two main vascular routes supply the brain, internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and vertebral arteries. The external artery (ECA) mainly supplies skin, muscle, skull; thus, neurointerventionalists should be aware of ECA‐ICA, ECA‐vertebral artery, extracranial–intracranial anastomoses. These anastomoses are not newly formed but that remnants developmental processes. During development, ICA has with ...