Background: In order to deliver the precise dose to the target in radiotherapy, absorbed dose to water at the reference point should be assessed. When the calibration procedure is performed for a reference dosimeter in the 60Co beam of a Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL), the total uncertainty in absorbed dose to water (Dw) is estimated to be approximately 1.5%. This study attempts...

Alpine and Arctic bryophytes have been found to respond negatively climate change, but as they are often analysed one functional group, there is limited knowledge on species-specific responses. In this study, we examine how nearly two decades of experimental warming by open-top chambers ambient affected the bryophyte community structure in an alpine Dryas octopetala L. heath Finse, southwest No...

An average temperature increase between 2.6 and 4.8 °C, along with more frequent extreme temperatures, will challenge crop productivity by the end of century. To investigate genotypic variation in soybean response to elevated temperature, six (Glycine max) genotypes were subjected air + 4.5 °C above ambient for 28 days open-top field chambers. Gas exchange chlorophyll fluorescence measured befo...

Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv] is an invasive C4 perennial grass which is listed as one of the top ten worst weeds in the world and is a major problem in the Southeast US. Five cogongrass ecotypes [Florida (FL), Hybrid (HY), Louisiana (LA), Mobile (MB), and North Alabama (NA)] collected across the Southeast and a red-tip (RT) ornamental variety were container grown for 6 months ...

An object $X$ of a category $mathbf{C}$ with finite limits is called exponentiable if the functor $-times X:mathbf{C}rightarrow mathbf{C}$ has a right adjoint. There are many characterizations of the exponentiable  spaces in the category $mathbf{Top}$ of topological spaces. Here, we study the exponentiable objects in the category $mathbf{STop}$ of soft topological spaces which is a generalizati...

Future climate change will likely represent a major stress to shallow aquatic and coastal marine communities around the world. Most climate change research, particularly in regards to increased pCO2 and ocean acidification, relies on ex situ mesocosm experimentation, isolating target organisms from their environment. Such mesocosms allow for greater experimental control of some variables, but c...

Proven conventional dosimetry techniques do not provide accuracy and precision in the measurement of inverse planned intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) fields. Dynamic and step-and-shoot multileaf collimation (DMLC/SMLC) challenge current ionization chamber dosimetry practices. Ionization chamber performance in these fields is evaluated for three cylindrical chambers of varying volume...

The architecture of the subterranean nests of the ant Odontomachus brunneus (Patton) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was studied by means of casts with dental plaster or molten metal. The entombed ants were later recovered by dissolution of plaster casts in hot running water. O. brunneus excavates simple nests, each consisting of a single, vertical shaft connecting more or less horizontal, simple cha...