In this article we introduce the notion of fuzzy b-locally open (bLO) sets, fuzzy bLO sets, fuzzy bLO sets in fuzzy bitopological spaces and obtain several characterizations and some properties of these sets. Also we introduce the notion of fuzzy b-locally continuous functions on bitopological spaces.

A parallel [open multiprocessing (OpenMP)] implementation of the Wolff single-cluster algorithm has been developed and tested for the three-dimensional (3D) Ising model. The developed procedure is generalizable to other lattice spin models and its effectiveness depends on the specific application at hand. The applicability of the developed methodology is discussed in the context of the applicat...

It is well known that young proteins tend to experience weaker purifying selection and evolve more quickly than old proteins. Here, we show that, in addition, young proteins tend to experience more variable selection pressures over time than old proteins. We demonstrate this pattern in three independent taxonomic groups: yeast, Drosophila, and mammals. The increased variability of selection pre...

The PhoP/PhoQ two-component system controls several physiological and virulence functions in Salmonella enterica. This system is activated by low Mg(2+), acidic pH, and antimicrobial peptides, but the biological consequences resulting from sensing multiple signals are presently unclear. Here, we report that the PhoP/PhoQ system regulates different Salmonella genes depending on whether the induc...

Overlapping genes (encoded on t he same DNA locus but in different frames) are thought to be rare and, therefore, were largely neglected in t he past. In a test set of 800 viruses we found more t han 350 potent ial overlapping open reading frames of >500 bp which generate BLAST hits, indicating a possible biological fun ction . Interestingly, five overlaps with more t han 2000 bp were found, th...

A 3.8-kb DNA fragment which was able to complement the mutation of a lysine auxotrophic Thermus thermophilus mutant was cloned from T. thermophilus HB27. Sequence analysis of the 3.8-kb fragment indicated the presence of three open reading frames including a truncated one. The predicted amino acid sequences of two of the three open reading frames showed 55.2% and 45.0% identity with homocitrate...

DNA encompassing the structural genes of an Escherichia coli [NiFe] hydrogenase has been cloned and sequenced. The genes were identified as those encoding the large and small subunits of hydrogenase isozyme 1 based on NH2-terminal sequences of purified subunits (kindly provided by K. Francis and K. T. Shanmugam). The structural genes formed part of a putative operon that contained four addition...

The iron-transport genes from the pJM1 plasmid of Vibrio anguillarum have been cloned and sequenced. Five open-reading frames have been identified, one of which encodes the outer membrane receptor for ferric anguibactin, OM2. This coding region corresponds to a protein of 726 amino acids with a Mr of 78,777. The protein has a hydrophobic signal sequence of 35 amino acids and a potential membran...

Biologists require genetic as well as molecular tools to decipher genomic information and ultimately to understand gene function. The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project is addressing these needs with a massive gene disruption project that uses individual, genetically engineered P transposable elements to target open reading frames throughout the Drosophila genome. DNA flanking the insertions is...

The genome structure of a densovirus from a silkworm was determined by sequencing more than 85% of the complete genome DNA. This is the first report of the genome organization of an insect parvovirus deduced from the DNA sequence. In the viral genome, two large open reading frames designated 1 and 2 and one smaller open reading frame designated 3 were identified. The first two open reading fram...