While the debate on whether countries should or should not sign trade agreements with selected partners continues, governments have significantly stepped up the rate at which they enter into such agreements. A number of such agreements have been signed lately and many more are under negotiation. Multinational firms get impacted by these agreements irrespective of whether these are beneficial to...

the primary goal of any economic policy in the production front is, as far as possible to enhance the degree of sectoral interrelatedness (henceforh si) within the home economy. the focal objective of such policy is not only to increase the sectoral value added of the economy but also to improve the position of the trade balance in the commodity trade front. iran, being characterized a sole mon...

Negotiation, as an interactional strategy and proactive focus on form (FoF) have received increased attention in second language research. The combination of negotiation and proactive FoF, however, has not been examined in relation to L2 vocabulary learning. To address this gap, the present study investigated how the amount of negotiation and proactive FoF impacted learners’ vocabulary knowledg...

Biodiesel, as renewable and biological origin alternative diesel fuel, has been receiving a lot of concern throughout the world due to the energy needs and environmental awareness. However, at present, it is not economically feasible to use food-grade vegetable oils to produce biodiesel because of the surge in feedstocks price. Much attention has been devoted to the application of lower-cost fe...

This paper uses a dynamic panel-data gravity model to explain the correlations between 40 markets from 1996 to 2010 using four types of market linkages: information capacity, financial integration, economic integration, and similarity in industrial structure. The mechanism of interdependence of developed markets and that of developing markets are heterogeneous: (1) information capacity and indu...

negotiation, as an interactional strategy and proactive focus on form (fof) have received increased attention in second language research. the combination of negotiation and proactive fof, however, has not been examined in relation to l2 vocabulary learning. to address this gap, the present study investigated how the amount of negotiation and proactive fof impacted learners’ vocabulary knowledg...

We propose an electronic institution approach to build a virtual market as an open multi-agent system that handles several negotiation protocols in a coherent and flexible fashion. This proposal has been inspired by the work in mWater, which is developed as a regulated environment where autonomous agents trade rights for the use of water in a closed basin. We also present a generic negotiation ...

Using a new methodology, this paper measures the direct and indirect effects of oil prices on GDP growth of 12 economies. Because of the indirect effect, which is transmitted through a trade matrix, even the net oil exporters like Indonesia and Malaysia cannot escape the negative influence of high oil prices.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

This paper applies real options theory to establish an overseas oil investment evaluation model that is based on Monte Carlo simulation and is solved by the Least Squares Monte-Carlo method. To better reflect the reality of overseas oil investment, our model has incorporated not only the uncertainties of oil price and investment cost but also the uncertainties of exchange rate and investment en...