According to the official U.S. measure of poverty, in 1995 the child poverty rate in this country was nearly 21%, compared with an adult poverty rate of 11%. This article explores why, according to the official measure, there are so many poor children. Working from the premise that children are poor because they live with poor adults, the reasons for adult poverty are reviewed. Both economic fo...

Chain saws were first used in Kyusyu in 1956 for cutting down trees and sawing timber in the national forests. In 1961, some workers complained of symptoms due to the vibrations, but countermeasures were not taken until later. The working system and payment system in those times were different from the systems, today. The magnitudes of the chain saw vibrations were very large and the chain saws...

In recent decades, China has become a manufacturing powerhouse. The country’s official data showed 83 million manufacturing employees in 2002, but that figure is likely to be understated; the actual number was probably closer to 109 million. By contrast, in 2002, the Group of Seven (G7) major industrialized countries had a total of 53 million manufacturing workers. In the late 1990s through the...

In statistics, the term “official data” denotes data collected in censuses and statistical surveys by National Statistics Institutes (NSIs), as well as administrative and registration records collected by government departments and local authorities. They are used to produce “official statistics” for the purpose of making policy decisions, and to facilitate the appreciation of economic, social,...