This paper proposes a holistic equilibrium theory of organizational development (OD). The theory states that there are three driving forces in organizational change and development—rationality, reality, and liberty. OD can be viewed as a planned process of change in an organization so as to establish equilibrium among these three interacting forces. Existing OD theories, concepts and their impl...

The diameter diam(H) of a (directed) graph H is the maximum value computed over the lengths of all shortest (directed) paths in H . Given a bridgeless connected graph G, the oriented diameter OD(G) is given by OD(G) = min{diam(H) : H is an orientation of G}. In this paper, we show that OD(G) ≤ 2diam(G) +1 for every connected bridgeless interval graph G. Further, for every 2-connected proper int...

OBJECTIVE To describe the longitudinal pattern of health care utilization and cost of care before and after opioid overdose (OD) over a 10-year period using health plan claims data. METHODS Patients who had experienced opioid ODs between April 2005 and March 2015 were identified from Geisinger Health System's electronic health records. Among these patients, a subgroup of patients who were Gei...

Accurate optic disc (OD) segmentation is an important step in obtaining cup-to-disc ratio-based glaucoma screening using fundus imaging. It is a challenging task because of the subtle OD boundary, blood vessel occlusion and intensity inhomogeneity. In this Letter, the authors propose an improved version of the random walk algorithm for OD segmentation to tackle such challenges. The algorithm in...

PURPOSE To evaluate the associations between optic disc (OD)-related anatomical parameters (interartery angle [IAA] between superior and inferior temporal retinal arteries, OD tilt [TL], rotation [ROT], and torsion [TO], OD surface curvature [CUR], and central retinal vessel trunk entry point location [CRVTL] on OD) and the spherical equivalent of refractive error (SE), and to assess the impact...

OBJECTIVE Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECA) have been described in a number of systemic autoimmune-inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about the relationship of AECA with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). METHODS Using an ELISA, the presence of AECA was evaluated in the sera of 33 patients with MCTD and of 30 healthy subjects as controls. Serum levels of AECA were corr...

How the human brain processes the perception, discrimination, and recognition of odors has not been systematically explored. Cerebral activations were therefore studied with PET during five different olfactory tasks: monorhinal smelling of odorless air (AS), single odors (OS), discrimination of odor intensity (OD-i), discrimination of odor quality (OD-q), and odor recognition memory (OM). OS ac...

Representative origin-destination (OD) demand tables are a crucial part of making many transportation models relevant to practice. However estimating these OD tables is a challenging problem, even more so determining the confidence intervals on these OD estimates. In this work we propose a method to construct estimates and confidence intervals of OD demand tables from link flow data. Our method...

Due to population growth in urban areas, especially in the capital cities in developing countries, the use of private vehicles are increasing, leading to many problems such as congestion, pollution, noise, long travel time, high travel cost and more side effects. In such circumstances government policy would encourage people to use public transportation. In the meantime, employing the Intellige...

The optic disk (OD) center and margin are typically requisite landmarks in establishing a frame of reference for classifying retinal and optic nerve pathology. Reliable and efficient OD localization and segmentation are important tasks in automatic eye disease screening. OD Cup is segmented using Gradient method, Adaptive Threshold and Connected Component. They utilize BBB method hang on the Ti...