General Concepts and Clinical Approach This chapter concerns abnormal eye movements that disrupt steady fixation and thereby degrade vision. We now know a good deal about the normal anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of ocular motor control (1). Our approach is to apply this knowledge to nystagmus and other ocular oscillations, since pathophysiology provides a sounder conceptual framework th...

Neovascular ocular disorders such as diabetic retinopathy and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (neovas-cular AMD) are an important cause of blindness in the world [1]. In these disorders, neoangiogenesis plays an important role [2], while various environmental and genetics factors are involved in their pathogenesis [2]. In the last decade of research, the importance of gene-environm...

With the establishment of human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines, the idea of transplanting stem cells differentiating into blood cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells is gradually being realized. If stem cells established from human ES cells become available, not only transplantation medicine, but also the quality of medicine as a whole would be expected to change. If extracorporeal generation of...

Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) has been shown to spread worldwide and to be responsible for distinct systemic diseases, namely adult T-celi leukaemia and HTLV-Iassociated myelopathy. Immune-mediated, inflammatory lesions in the lungs, joints, and lacrimal glands (Sjbgren's syndrome) are also suggested to be associated with the retrovirus. We studied seroprevalence of antibodies to H...

Eye movement disorders may be considered in two categories: those that cause incomplete eye movements (ophthalmoparesis) and those that cause excessive eye movements (saccadic intrusions and nystagmus). Central to an understanding and correct diagnosis of abnormal eye movements is the evaluation of ocular alignment, ocular motility, and each functional class of eye movements: optokinetic, vesti...

Cell injury or degeneration occurs in a number of blinding diseases. Therapy has classically consisted of preventing the initial injury or increasing the resistance of cells to injury (cytoprotection). Recently, it has become possible to repopulate tissue compartments with stem cells. This article presents a current summary of ocular stem cell research and applications to disease. It is based o...

This cross-sectional study was performed to determine ocular findings in renal transplant recipients and to correlate them with certain clinical characteristics related to transplantation. The study was performed on 150 patients who had received a renal transplant at least three months earlier and had serum creatinine levels < 3 mg/dL. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examinatio...

Sulfur mustard is a vesicant agent with severe irritating effects on living tissues, including skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and the respiratory tract. The eyes are the most susceptible tissue to mustard gas effects, and varying degrees of ocular involvement are seen in 75% to 90% of exposed individuals. Most cases resolve uneventfully; however, a minority of exposed patients will have a contin...

Background: Intrauterine infections (TORCH) lead to the involvement of various organs of the body of the fetus, including the eye. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical response of eye lesions to specific drugs, in infants with confirmed TORCH induced ocular lesions. Methods: This historical cohort study from 2011 to 2017, had done in Pediatrics and Ophthalmology De...

The term "ocular bobbing" defines a distinctive class of abnormal spontaneous vertical eye movements which occur in a variety of clinicopathological settings. Four cardinal forms, which correspond to the predicted permutations of the two characteristic clinical variables, initial vertical excursion and phasic velocity, have now been described. Reverse ocular dipping, with directional reversal a...