This study finds that the mean IRR for 1980-84 U.S. new drug introductions is 11.1%, and the mean NPV is 22 million (1990 dollars). The distribution of returns is highly skewed. The results are robust to plausible changes in the baseline assumptions. Our work is also compared with a 1993 study by the OTA. Despite some important differences in assumptions, both studies imply that returns for the...

Species of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria are major contributors to fruit and vegetable decay and to mycotoxin production during various stages of pathogenesis. The mycotoxins most commonly associated with fruits and vegetables and their products are aflatoxins, patulin, ochratoxin A and Alternaria toxins. Naturally occurring aflatoxins are found in fruits of tropical and subtropical r...

Ochratoxin A (OA) or (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by certain Penecillium (mainly P. verrucosum) and Aspergillus (mainly A. occracies) species of storage fungi. This toxin is a secondary fungal metabolites which has been detected in a variety of animal chows, human food and in up to 80% of human blood samples of several Western countries. Its main target is the kidney which is the causing agent...

1. Nguyen KTN, Ryu D. Concentration of ochratoxin A in breakfast cereals and snacks consumed the United States. Food Control. 2014; 40: 140–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.food.... CrossRef Google Scholar

This study determined the influence of water activity, temperature and their interactions on growth, asexual sporulation and ochratoxin A accumulation in Aspergillus carbonarius using standard microbiological techniques. Results obtained shows that at 35°C, OTA was more produced than at other temperatures while both sporulation and mycelial growth were more enhanced at 25°C. A water activity of...

BACKGROUND Bee honey is a functional food which has a unique composition, antimicrobial properties and bifidogenic effect. In order to assess whether honey can inhibit the toxic effect of mycotoxins, the present study was undertaken. METHODS Production of biomass and toxins by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus ochraceus were followed in media without and with honey. Although aflatoxins ...

This study investigated the efficacy of ultraviolet-C (254 nm) and induced stilbenes to inhibit Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus tubingensis and control ochratoxin A production in grapes. In addition, the stilbene synthesis as a response to UV-C treatment and to infection of ochratoxigenic Aspergillus was compared. The initial microbial inactivation by a previously optimized UV-C illumin...

A total of 112 fungal isolates were recovered from cereal grains collected from 10 districts of Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh states. The collected samples were subjected to standard blotter method and different ochratoxigenic Aspergillus and Penicillium species were isolated and maintained. A multiplex PCR assay was standardized for simultaneous detection of toxigenic Aspergillus and ochratoxin...

(1) Background: ochratoxins are mycotoxins produced by filamentous fungi with important implications in the food manufacturing industry due to their toxicity. Decontamination specific ochratoxin-degrading enzymes has become an interesting alternative for treatment of contaminated commodities. (2) Methods: using a structure-based approach based on homology modeling, blind molecular docking subst...

This study developed and validated an analytical methodology for the determination of aflatoxins, enniatins, beauvericin, zearalenone, ochratoxin-A, alternariols, HT-2 T-2 toxin in soy, oat, rice almond beverages, based on solid phase extraction columns (SPE) analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry tandem. C18 SPE was successfully applied, obtaining recoveries that range ...