BACKGROUND Reasons for the excess risk for cardiovascular disease among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain unclear. Our objective was to examine the cardiovascular risk profile for adults with obstructive and restrictive impairments of lung functioning in a representative sample of adults from the United States. METHODS We used data from adults aged 20-79 years who parti...

Chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, cystic fibrosis (CF) and interstitial lung diseases (ILD), affect many individuals worldwide. Patients with these chronic lung diseases are susceptible to respiratory lung infections and some of these viral infections can contribute to disease pathogenesis. This review highlights the associations of lung infect...

An abnormally low FEV 1 /FVC ratio is universally accepted as indicative of obstructive lung disease. Clearly, the choice of cutoff to defi ne abnormality is important. The GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) group set the lower limit of normal (LLN) at 0.7 irrespective of age, defi ning GOLD COPD stage I as FEV 1 /FVC below 0.7 and FEV 1 above 80% predicted. 1 In a re...

An abnormally low FEV 1 /FVC ratio is universally accepted as indicative of obstructive lung disease. Clearly, the choice of cutoff to defi ne abnormality is important. The GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) group set the lower limit of normal (LLN) at 0.7 irrespective of age, defi ning GOLD COPD stage I as FEV 1 /FVC below 0.7 and FEV 1 above 80% predicted. 1 In a re...

A prospective epidemiological study of the early stages of the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was performed on London working men. The findings showed that forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) falls gradually over a lifetime, but in most non-smokers and many smokers clinically significant airflow obstruction never develops. In susceptible people, however, smoking ...

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a public health problem worldwide. increased energy and protein needs, decreased energy and protein intake are common in copd patients. adequate intake is essential to improve pulmonary function and immune system, prevention of weight loss and maintaining muscle mass and strength. assessment of energy and protein intake and its relationship with p...