Contextuality is a central property in comparative analysis of classical, quantum, and supercorrelated systems. We examine and compare two well-motivated approaches to contextuality. One approach (“contextuality-by-default”) is based on the idea that one and the same physical property measured under different conditions (contexts) is represented by different random variables. The other approach...

We study stable behavior when players are randomly matched to play a game, and before the game begins each player may observe how his partner behaved in a few interactions in the past. We present a novel modeling approach and we show that strict Nash equilibria are always stable in such environments. We apply the model to study the Prisoner’s Dilemma. We show that if players only observe past a...

The aim of this paper is to find the finest ‘observable’ and ‘implementable’ equivalence on concurrent processes. This is a part of a larger programme to develop a theory of observable processes where semantics of processes are based on locally and finitely observable process behaviour, and all process constructs are allowed, provided their operational meaning is defined by realistically implem...

Relational Markov Decision Processes (MDP) are a useful abstraction for stochastic planning problems since one can develop abstract solutions for them that are independent of domain size or instantiation. While there has been an increased interest in developing relational fully observable MDPs, there has been very little work on relational partially observable MDPs (POMDP), which deal with unce...

A finite set of external actions that the program may perform defines the observable behavior of a program. Refactoring is a disciplined process of applying structural transformations in the code such that the program is improved in terms of quality and its external behavior is preserved. Refactoring includes evaluation of its preconditions, execution of its mechanics and corrective actions req...