The kinetics of open complex formation were measured by migration retardation assay and DNase I footprinting at the activator-dependent promoters ara P1, lac P1 and gal P1. In each case, the rate of open complex formation was significantly faster if the activator, AraC for ara and CAP for lac and gal, had been added before RNA polymerase. The results indicate that complexes of transcriptional a...

the present study was planned to investigate the efficiency of explicit teaching and adequacy of the l2 learners' exposure to l2 input in academic contexts in iran. the case at hand was the acquisition of referential, quasi and expletive subject pronouns, as three different types of obligatory subjects in english. 96 iranian efl learners were selected from two universities in isfahan. they were...

A communicative device that a signer can take advantage of in the visual–gestural modality is the use of the signer’s body to depict the actions and movements of an object—whether that object be animate or inanimate. This communicative device (referred to within this abstract as becoming the object) is used frequently in signed narratives, but it also appears in other genres of signing. Whether...

End binding (EB) proteins are responsible for the recruitment of an array of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) to growing microtubules ends. EBs encompass an N-terminal calponin homology domain that confers microtubule tip tracking activity to the protein. The C-terminal domain of EBs contains a coiled coil that mediates the parallel dimerization of EB monomers. This part of the pr...

This paper deals with a reference tracking system in which a marker indicates whether two clauses have a coreferent subject or not: Switch reference. I argue that obligatory control and same subject contexts in Switch reference languages have some properties in common. I therefore adopt the movement theory of obligatory control (cf. Boeckx et al., 2010) and develop a similar analysis for same s...

Control refers to an obligatory referential dependency between an argument of a verb and the subject of the verb’s clausal complement. In many languages, the direction of the control relation can only be forward, as it is the matrix argument that provides the referential identity of the silent embedded subject. A priori, however, there is no reason to rule out a backward control relation, where...

This experimental study investigated the learners’ integrative acquisition of obligatory overt subjects and subject-verb clause agreement in English as an L2. In L1 acquisition research, correlations between superficially unrelated linguistic phenomena are analyzed in terms of integrative effects. For instance, in English L1 acquisition, there is evidence for an integrative appearance of subjec...

This study aimed to shed light on the question words in Kurdish language according G.B theory, which consists of two sections, conclusions and a list references. The first section is devoted theoretical background other studies are relevant language. In second section, transformations divided into types, optional transformation obligatory transformation. both situations, scientific approval exa...