M ore than 50 y since the first announcement of Zinjanthropus boisei at Olduvai Gorge (1, 2), the diet of Paranthropus boisei, as it is now known, has continued to be the focus of study and debate. In part, this is because it has such distinctive features, shared in some degree with the South African australopith, Paranthropus robustus: a dished, buttressed face, strongly developed muscle attac...

BACKGROUND Retroaortic left renal vein, is a rare congenital anomaly. CASE CHARACTERISTICS A 14-day-old male neonate with retrocrortic left renal vein with posterior nutcracker phenomenon resulting in renal congestion. OBSERVATION He developed septicemia, renal abscess and thrombosis of abdominal aorta. OUTCOME Improvement on antibiotics and heparin. MESSAGE Retroaortic left renal vein ...

Considering the entire life history of a species is fundamental to developing effective conservation strategies. Decreasing populations of five-needle white pines may be leading to the decline of Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana). These birds are important seed dispersers for at least ten conifer species in the western U.S., including whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), an obligate mutu...

nutcracker syndrome (ncs) is a rare pathology, caused by compression of the left renal vein (lrv) between the abdominal aorta (aa) and the superior mesenteric artery (sma), due to reduction of the angle between aa and sma. this leads to lrv varices, left gonadal vein varices and therefore, the pelvic congestion syndrome. for this reason, coexistence of ncs and pelvic congestion syndrome has bee...

Nutcracker syndrome is an extrinsic compression of the left renal vein by superior mesenteric artery anteriorly and aorta posteriorly resulting in hallmark manifestations hematuria, proteinuria, flank/pelvic pain. This case illustrates a patient with history flank pain intermittent gross hematuria every 2 weeks. The denies any pelvic pain, gastrointestinal or lower extremity symptoms. Urinalysi...