BACKGROUND Rotavirus affects 95% of children worldwide by age 5 years and is the leading cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea. The objective of this review was to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in the Western European pediatric population. METHODS A comprehensive literature search (1999-2010) was conducted in PubMed and other sources (CDC; WHO, others). Data on the ep...

Abstract The diarrheal disease produced by Clostridium difficile has a clinical picture that can vary from mild forms to life-threatening with high risk of recurrence. classic described at time was post-antibiotic, nosocomial diarrhea, which especially affects the elderly. It is case male child 5 years and 10 months, who presented himself in morning vomiting, stools flatulence. He underwent ant...

Clostridium difficile is a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen, and is the leading cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given that the treatment outcome depends on the severity of C. difficile infection (CDI), we aimed to establish an efficient method of assessing severity, and focused on the stool biomarker fecal calprotectin (FC...

Measles is currently responsible for 1.4 million deaths per year.' Virtually all of these deaths occur in developing countries and are related to complications of the disease. Little is known about measles complication rates in the general population in developing countiies. However, hospital studies have shown that pneumonia, diarrhea and laryngitis are very common in severe and fatal cases of...

Clostridium difficile is a significant problem in hospital settings as the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea worldwide. C. difficile infections (CDIs) are characterized by an acute intestinal inflammatory response with neutrophil infiltration. These symptoms are primarily caused by the glucosylating toxins, TcdA and TcdB. In the past decade, the frequency and severity of CDIs have increa...

Clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and is responsible for many cases of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Major virulence factors of C. difficile are the glucosylating exotoxins A and B. Both toxins enter target cells in a pH- dependent manner from endosomes by forming pores. They translocate the N-terminal catalytic domains into the cytosol of host cells and inactiv...

Clostridium difficile infections are a global clinical concern and are one of the leading causes of nosocomial outbreaks. Preventing these infections has benefited from multidisciplinary infection control strategies and new antibiotics, but the problem persists. Probiotics are effective in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and may also be a beneficial strategy for C. difficile infection...

Clostridium difficile is the primary cause of nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. Recent evidence suggests an increasing role for the organism as an agent of community-acquired infection, and characterization of increased virulence and antibioticresistance (particularly to fluoroquinolone agents) among certain strains is troubling. With protocols for treatment and containment incr...

Carbapenems have been used for many years to treat severe nosocomial Enterobacteriaceae infections. The spread of resistance to these drugs among other bacterial families is an emerging problem worldwide, mostly caused by New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM-1). We screened for the prevalence of NDM-1-expressing enteric pathogens from hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea in Kolkata, India, a...

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is a significant nosocomial pathogen. C. difficile is notoriously difficult to isolate and cultivate and is extremely sensitive to even low levels of oxygen in the environment. Here, methods for isolating C. difficile from fecal samples and subsequ...