Hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) is thought to be a major target for specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in hepatitis B virus infections. A single dose of hepatitis C virus nonstructural 3/4A DNA (<5 microg) effectively primes functional specific CTLs, independently of CD4(+) T helper cells and by different routes of immunization. In contrast, HBcAg-specific CTL priming was T helper cell de...

We determined complete genome sequences of lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) strains isolated from patients in South Africa who had mild or severe WNV infections. These strains had previously been shown to produce either highly or less neuroinvasive infection and induced genes similar to corresponding highly or less neuroinvasive lineage 1 strains in mice. Phylogenetic and amino acid comparison o...

The molecular basis for the diversity across influenza strains is poorly understood. To gain insight into this question, we mutagenized the viral genome and sequenced recoverable viruses. Only two small regions in the genome were enriched for insertions, the hemagglutinin head and the immune-modulatory nonstructural protein 1. These proteins play a major role in host adaptation, and thus need t...

Prefabrication in construction industry can probably reduce the cost of waste. In this research, advantages and disadvantages prefabrication its eco-efficiency were identified; then development strategies reviewed. For purpose, questionnaires used to select proper sub-systems for prefabrication. The Delphi Snowball method was applied according experts 'opinion, these identified adopted. Then ef...

Broadly defined, macroeconomic forecasting is alive and well. Nonstructural forecasting, which is based largely on reduced-form correlations, has always been well and continues to improve. Structural forecasting, which aligns itself with economic theory and hence rises and falls with theory, receded following the decline of Keynesian theory. In recent years, however, powerful new dynamic stocha...

Rotavirus morphogenesis involves the budding of subviral particles through the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) membrane of infected cells. During this process, particles acquire the outer capsid proteins and a transient envelope. Previous immunocytochemical and biochemical studies have suggested that a rotavirus nonstructural glycoprotein, NS28, encoded by genome segment 10, is a transmembran...