In list proportional representation (PR) systems, parties shape political selection. We propose a theory of party choice and elections in PR systems. Our results describe how allocates candidates heterogeneous quality across ranks depending on (1) its policy goals (2) competitive environment. test our predictions the universe Swedish local politicians from 1991 to 2014. Although assign better h...

The subject of the research is loanwords form Turkic languages in Russian language. basic rules for development language, its connections with history society different periods are clearly manifested precisely vocabulary. Loanwords from were borrowed through oral speech. This led to emergence various options borrowing. article describes internal loanwords, reflected their composition, functioni...