Spontaneous retinal activity is necessary to establish and maintain eye-specific projections to the LGN, but whether the spatial and temporal structure of this activity is important remains unclear. A new study by Demas et al. in the current issue of Neuron shows that when the frequency of spontaneous retinal waves is increased and waves abnormally persist past eye opening, eye-specific project...

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are important for water quality management in facilities, and can help resume consumption. However, information about the community structure of micro-ecosystem existing biofilters, especially participation known nitrifying groups (i.e., AOA, AOB, NOB, comammox Nitrospira), remains to be fully clarified. In this research, we compared structures three RAS ...

Group detection is gaining popularity as it enables variousXzX applications ranging from marketing to urban planning. Existing methods use received signal strength indicator (RSSI) detect co-located people groups. However, this approach might have difficulties in crowded spaces since many strangers with similar mobility patterns could be identified Moreover, RSSI vulnerable factors like the hum...

Although depression-induced altered pain perception has been described in several laboratory and clinical studies, its neurobiological mechanism in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the spinal dorsal horn, remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to clarify whether nociceptive sensitivity of neuropathic pain is altered in the olfactory bulbectomy (OB) model of depress...

Currently, nitritation-anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) bioreactors are designed to treat wastewaters with high ammonium concentrations at mesophilic temperatures (25 to 40°C). The implementation of this technology at ambient temperatures for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater following carbon removal may lead to more-sustainable technology with energy and cost savings. However, t...

Hox genes encode highly conserved transcription factors that control regional identities of cells and tissues along the developing anterior-posterior axis, probably in all bilaterian metazoans. However, in invertebrate embryos other than Drosophila, Hox gene functions remain largely unknown except by inference from sequence similarities and expression patterns. Recent genomic sequencing has sho...

Human urine represents a major problem with respect to ammonia vapors in the crew cabin and the amount of water necessary for human hydration (2 kg/person/day). Bacterial nitrification represents an important element of the solution to water resource limitations in extended space flight missions. Nitrifiers convert potentially volatile NH3 to NO3 eliminating the problem of volatile ammonia in t...

A large variety of microbial parameter values for nitrifying microorganisms has been reported in literature and was revised in this study. Part of the variety was attributed to the variety of analysis methods applied; it also reflects the large biodiversity in nitrifying systems. This diversity is mostly neglected in conventional nitrifying biofilm models. In this contribution, a one-dimensiona...

The effect of free ammonia (NH3 or FA), free nitrous acid (HNO2 or FNA), and total alkalinity (TA) on the performance of a partial nitrification (PN) sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treating anaerobically pretreated pig slurry was studied. The SBR was operated under alternating oxic/anoxic (O/A) conditions and was fed during anoxic phases. This strategy allowed using organic matter to partially ...

During motor adaptation learning, consecutive physical practice of two different tasks compromises the retention of the first. However, there is evidence that observational practice, while still effectively aiding acquisition, will not lead to interference and hence prove to be a better practice method. Observers and Actors practised in a clockwise (Task A) followed by a counterclockwise (Task ...