BACKGROUND The use of nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for both breast cancer treatment and risk reduction is increasing. There is no randomized data comparing nipple-sparing mastectomy with standard mastectomy techniques. There is evidence to suggest that ductal and lobular breast cancer arises in the terminal duct/lobular unit (TDLU). This study was undertaken to determine whether TDLUs exist ...

BACKGROUND Nipple pain and damage in breastfeeding mothers are common causes of premature breastfeeding cessation. Peppermint water is popularly used for the prevention of nipple cracks in the North West of Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of peppermint water in the prevention of nipple cracks during breastfeeding in comparison with the application of expressed bre...

BACKGROUND Numerous techniques have been used to achieve long-term projection of the nipple following nipple-areola reconstruction. However, the reconstructed nipple loses projection over time. We describe a technique that uses local flaps to improve the lost projection of reconstructed nipples. METHODS Between November 2013 and March 2015, nine patients (11 nipples) underwent revisional nipp...

BACKGROUND The superior orbital fissure is a small area that connects the middle cranial fossa and the orbit. Many studies have measured the size of the superior orbital fissure. However, there is no standard value for the size of the superior orbital fissure. Therefore, we conducted this study to provide the average size of the superior orbital fissure in Korean adults. METHODS We measured t...

Introduction: Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy (NSM) is a consolidated technique that has been used for years with good aesthetic results. Its indication usually limited by breast size, due to difficulty repositioning the Nipple-Areola Complex (NAC) and treating excess skin in large breasts. The challenge these cases maximize result without increasing risk of necrosis other complications.

OBJECTIVES The introduction of fluoride releasing sealants and glass ionomer cements as fissure sealants adds another dimension to prevention of pit and fissure caries. The ability of resin sealants and glass ionomer cements to release fluoride on a long term basis to the sealed enamel and the adjacent unsealed pit and fissure and cuspal incline enamel may allow for further reduction in pit and...

PURPOSE This is a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials to assess the efficacy and morbidity of medical therapies for anal fissure. METHODS Medline and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and the Cochrane Colorectal Cancer Review Groups Controlled Trials Register were searched using the terms "anal fissure randomized" from 1966 to 2002. Studies in which participants were randomiz...

The optic fissure is a transient gap in the developing vertebrate eye, which must be closed as development proceeds. A persisting optic fissure, coloboma, is a major cause for blindness in children. Multiple factors are genetically linked to coloboma formation. However, especially the process of optic fissure fusion is still largely elusive on a cellular and molecular basis. We found a coloboma...

Nipple reconstruction is a commonly performed component of breast reconstruction. A nipple reconstructed using local skin flaps requires protection from trauma. Here we describe a novel, effective, simple, rapid, inexpensive, and convenient method to protect a reconstructed nipple in the early postoperative period.