Aguado & Marin (2007) analysed the interaction between Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) and predatory fish in laboratory and field assays, using both live aeolids and artificial models. Penney’s comment (2009) on the article reopens the old question of the role of nematocyst-based defence in nudibranchs. Penney suggests that the defensive mechanism of C. peregrina is chemical because the nemato...

Aguado & Marin (2007) analysed the interaction between Cratena peregrina (Gmelin, 1791) and predatory fish in laboratory and field assays, using both live aeolids and artificial models. Penney’s comment (2009) on the article reopens the old question of the role of nematocyst-based defence in nudibranchs. Penney suggests that the defensive mechanism of C. peregrina is chemical because the nemato...

It is well-known to swimmers, divers, and beachgoers that coelenterates such as the Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis), true jellyfish such as the box jellyfish, sea anemone, true coral, and fire coral can inflict painful and sometimes fatal stings. As a result, these organisms are avoided by humans and most sea creatures; however, indirect contact with the skin may occur. For example, c...