Scientists and tribologists are currently exploring sustainable inexhaustible lubricants as a result of increased awareness environmental health-related issues. Vegetable oils being investigated potential form environmentally friendly cutting fluids due to their excellent renewability, biodegradability, lubricating performance. This report provides an overview different vegetable used in the ma...

Fluids with higher thermal conductivities are necessary for cooling applications especially in micro-electronic devices. The low thermal conductivity of conventional heat transfer fluids remains a limitation in improving the performance of micro-electronic cooling systems. Metallic and metal oxide particles possess significantly higher thermal conductivity than those of the conventional heat tr...

In recent years, the use of both nano- and micro-sized lanthanum has been increasing in the production of optical glasses, batteries, alloys, etc. However, a hazard assessment has not been performed to determine the degree of toxicity of lanthanum. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the toxicity of both nano- and micro-sized lanthanum oxide in cultured cells and rats. After id...

We survey new extensions of continuum mechanics incorporating spontaneous violations of the Second Law (SL), which involve the viscous flow and heat conduction. First, following an account of the Fluctuation Theorem (FT) of statistical mechanics that generalizes the SL, the irreversible entropy is shown to evolve as a submartingale. Next, a stochastic thermomechanics is formulated consistent wi...