BACKGROUND Three approaches exist to deal with the impact of comorbidity in burden of disease studies - the maximum limit approach, the additive approach, and the multiplicative approach. The aim of this study was to compare the three comorbidity approaches in patients with temporary injury consequences as well as comorbid chronic conditions with nontrivial health impacts. METHODS Disability ...

This study aims to determine the distribution of percentage proportional reasoning tasks in comparison chapter task series book MANDIRI (Mengasah Kemampuan Diri) Mathematics Grade VII Curriculum 2013, Revised Edition, 2016 Publisher Erlangga, written by Kurniawan. research is a qualitative using descriptive approach. The data from are documented and then analyzed based on indicators each level ...

for a graph $g$ with edge set $e(g)$, the multiplicative sum zagreb index of $g$ is defined as$pi^*(g)=pi_{uvin e(g)}[d_g(u)+d_g(v)]$, where $d_g(v)$ is the degree of vertex $v$ in $g$.in this paper, we first introduce some graph transformations that decreasethis index. in application, we identify the fourteen class of trees, with the first through fourteenth smallest multiplicative sum zagreb ...

‎for a graph $g$ with edge set $e(g)$‎, ‎the multiplicative second zagreb index of $g$ is defined as‎ ‎$pi_2(g)=pi_{uvin e(g)}[d_g(u)d_g(v)]$‎, ‎where $d_g(v)$ is the degree of vertex $v$ in $g$‎. ‎in this paper‎, ‎we identify the eighth class of trees‎, ‎with the first through eighth smallest multiplicative second zagreb indeces among all trees of order $ngeq 14$‎.

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To analyze the stability of Itô stochastic differential equations with multiplicative noise, we introduce the stochastic logarithmic norm. The logarithmic norm was originally introduced by G. Dahlquist in 1958 as a tool to study the growth of solutions to ordinary differential equations and for estimating the error growth in discretization methods for their approximate solutions. We extend the ...

We consider the long time limit theorems for the solutions of a discrete wave equation with a weak stochastic forcing. The multiplicative noise conserves the energy, and in the unpinned case also conserves the momentum. We obtain a time-inhomogeneous OrnsteinUhlenbeck equation for the limit wave function that holds both for square integrable and statistically homogeneous initial data. The limit...

This paper reconsiders Coale and Trussell’s (1974) specification of model fertility schedules by age. It formally presents model fertility schedules within the framework of categorical data analysis. Specifically, births are assumed to follow an independent Poisson distribution for each age interval of each population. Identification and estimation problems are discussed. It shows that the Coal...

(1.1) f(aq + b) = f(aq) + f(b) or f(aq + b) = f(aq)f(b) for all r ≥ 0, a ≥ 0 and 0 ≤ b < q. Note that these equations force f(0) = 0 or f(0) = 1 respectively. These functions are called q-additive and q-multiplicative, respectively. It is easy to see that the functional equations imply that these functions are defined for all integers, when the values f(aq) are known for 1 ≤ a ≤ q − 1 and all r...

Following classical work by Freidlin [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. (1988) 305 665–657] and subsequent works by Sowers [Ann. Probab. (1992) 20 504–537] and Peszat [Probab. Theory Related Fields (1994) 98 113–136], we prove large deviation estimates for the small noise limit of systems of stochastic reaction–diffusion equations with globally Lipschitz but unbounded diffusion coefficients, however, ass...