We extend the phase modulation method by in-plane diffractions from plane wave incidence to point source of surface plasmon polariton (SPP). A well-defined SPP focus is successfully realized from a point source under the diffraction by a carefully designed nanohole array, which is easy to layout in the future integrated optical circuits. With this method, the SPP Airy beam and finite plane wave...

Hydration products of Portland cement pastes, hydrated in water and in the presence of zinc ions were studied comparatively at different ages. Hydration products were studied by X ray diffractions (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Although IR is not frequently used in cement chemistry, it evidenced a new phase Ca(Zn(OH) 3 ) 2 . 2H 2 O formed during cement hydration in the presence of zinc. ...

A strong coupling standing wave, interacting with three-level L-type ~or ladder-type! atoms, can diffract a weak probe field ~propagating along a direction normal to the standing wave! into high-order diffractions, a phenomenon which we name electromagnetically induced grating ~EIG!. We develop in this work a theory for studying EIG in a homogeneously broadened medium consisting of three-level ...

The traveltimes of first arriving seismic rays through most velocity structures can be computed rapidly on a three-dimensional numerical grid by finite-difference extrapolation. Head waves are properly treated and shadow zones are filled by the appropriate diffractions. Differences of less than 0.11 percent are found between the results of this technique and ray tracing for a complex but smooth...

X-ray diffraction from crystal surfaces and interfaces is described within the framework of the dynamical theory. The intensity distributions of specular and non-specular crystal truncation rods are interpreted with this dynamical approach. Difficulties encountered in the ordinary dynamical calculation for these rods are mentioned and the details of the numerical calculation procedure which ove...

Though there are a variety of experimental techniques available for residual stress measurements, diffraction-based measurements have the unique advantage estimating individual components strain matrix in crystalline material. This is then converted to stresses with appropriate continuum elasticity model(s) and X-ray elastic constants. In particular, based on electron or neutron diffractions th...

The uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) plus an imposed edge diffraction extension is used to predict the backscatter cross sections of dihedral corner reflectors which have right, obtuse, and acute included angles. UTD allows individual backscattering mechanisms of the dihedral corner reflectors to be identified and provides good agreement w?ith experimental cross section measurements in the a...

In this research multiple-regression analysis with stepwise selection method was employed for investigating the effectof vertical building envelopes solar radiation (Evr) on cooling energy consumption (E cooling) in residential sector.The high capacity of solar energy in semi-arid climate (Shiraz) can provide a part of buildings required energy. Dependson house orientations in two directions of...

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) requires the analysis of the non-linear response history of a structure for an ensemble of ground motions, each scaled to multiple levels of intensity and selected to cover the entire range of structural response. Recognizing that IDA of practical structures is computationally demanding, an approximate procedure based on the reduction of the number of ground m...