Processive motor proteins are stochastic steppers that perform actual mechanical steps for only a minor fraction of the time they are bound to the filament track. Motors usually work in teams and therefore the question arises whether the stochasticity of stepping can cause mutual interference when motors are mechanically coupled. We used biocompatible surfaces to immobilize processive kinesin-1...

Kinesin-based cargo transport in cells frequently involves the coordinated activity of multiple motors, including kinesins from different families that move at different speeds. However, compared to the progress at the single-molecule level, mechanisms by which multiple kinesins coordinate their activity during cargo transport are poorly understood. To understand these multimotor coordination m...

We propose to formally extend the notion of specific tension, i.e. force per cross-sectional area-classically used for muscles, to quantify forces in molecular motors exerting various biological functions. In doing so, we review and compare the maximum tensions exerted by about 265 biological motors operated by about 150 species of different taxonomic groups. The motors considered range from si...

Motor proteins are the engines of biology, converting chemical energy to mechanical work in cells. Kinesin-1 is a motor protein that transports vesicles towards the plus end of microtubules, widely believed to be responsible for anterograde transport of synaptic vesicles in neurons. Advances in single-molecule techniques have allowed the characterization of single kinesin motors in vitro at a r...

An operation of any electromechanical device, in that number electric machines, it is electric motors and generators, can be seen as: a) An impact of magnetic field on a piece of ferromagnetic material, b) An interaction of two magnetic fields: magnetic field of primary part and magnetic field of secondary part; the secondary magnetic field can be generated: either by a current flowing in a win...

The collective dynamics of ensembles of chemically powered sphere dimer motors is investigated. Sphere dimers are self-propelled nanomotors built from linked catalytic and noncatalytic spheres. They consume fuel in the environment and utilize the resulting self-generated concentration gradients to produce directed motion along their internuclear axes. In collections of such motors, the individu...

Intracellular organelle transport is driven by motors that act upon microtubules or microfilaments. The microtubulebased motors, cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin, are believed to be responsible for retrograde and anterograde transport of intracellular cargo along microtubules. Many vesicles display bidirectional movement; however, the mechanism regulating directionality is unresolved. Directional...

Motor proteins are specialized molecules that convert chemical energy into useful mechanical work and govern many important biological processes. They bind to actin filaments and microtubules and use them as tracks, on which they propagate in order to transport different types of cargo across the cell. Among these molecules we find myosin II motors that interact with elastic actin filaments. My...

Based on the structural features of electric vehicle (EV) driven by in-wheel motors and the characteristics of low speed as well as high torque for in-wheel motors, regenerative braking method for in-wheel motors has been presented. All braking torque for vehicle deceleration is output by in-wheel motors under Medium-intensity braking condition for the sake of recovering the maximum braking ene...

Induction motors are widely used in the industry due to its relative low cost, low maintenance and high reliability. The development of the computer and electronic industry, as well as design of new control methods, has opened the door to control induction motors. In order to control the induction motors, scalar and vector control methods are used. Vector methods have faster response and more p...