adenosine has many of the characteristics of a regulator of cerebral blood flow and adenosine receptors change in morphine dependency. in this study the changes in adenosine receptors' responsiveness of pial vessels in the hind limb area of the sensory cortex were evaluated in morphine dependent rats (mdr) using the laser doppler flowmetry technique. adult male sprague dawley rats (250-350...

The modified state dependent retention (MSDR) theory of retrograde amnesia (RA) proposes that the forgetting associated with RA is due to retrieval failure brought about by state dependent memory loss, which is forgetting that occurs when memory recall is attempted in a pharmacological state that differs from the encoding state. In a novel test of the MSDR theory, the current study attempted to...

Introduction: The nucleus accumbens is involved in various functions ranging from motivation and reward to feeding and drug addiction. Some researchers have also suggested that this region has some roles in consciousness. In the present study, the effect of electrical stimulation and lesion of nucleus accumbens on Electroencephalogram waves (EEG) of addict and non-addict rats was investigated. ...

Sir,—I agree entirely with this view that paravertebral block would provide reduction in requirement for morphine, greater than that achieved with the intercostal block used in our technique. Several of the chest radiographs, including the one in the article, demonstrated contrast medium in the paravertebral space. The statement "it should not be assumed that an intercostal injection of contras...

background: one of the problems that addicts suffer from is decreased libido. erectile dysfunction has been reported in men using opioids for treatment of heroin addiction. objective: the study was performed to investigate the effects of morphine and detoxification with methadone as causes of sexual dysfunction in addiction. methods and methods: a total of 40 adult male rats (wistar) were used....

conclusions analysis of codeine to morphine metabolism rate is needed when we are using morphine/codeine ratio to rule out abuse of narcotics. wada should consider analysis for the cyp2d6 alleles (main metabolizer of codeine) in case of including morphine/codeine ratio in future prohibited list. the possibility of ultra-rapid cyp2d6 cannot be ruled out in certain results of morphine/codeine nea...

mice were rendered tolerant and dependent to morphine by subcutaneous injection of morphine over a period of 5 days. the effects of acute and chronic administration of dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist nifedipine on the development of tolerance and naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal signs were investigated. a single injection of nifedipine proved to be effective in inhibiting so...

Hospital Physician October 2007 15 O pioid dependency is a common problem that remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in the United States. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health estimated that in 2002 approximately 2.5 million Americans used pain relievers, mostly opioid agonists (eg, oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, methadone), for nonmedical use. Approximately 3.7 million Americans hav...