The mixed agonist-antagonist analgesics buprenorphine, butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine and picenadol were compared to the prototype mu and kappa agonists morphine and Mr 2033, respectively, in the following tests in rhesus monkeys: overt behavioral effects upon acute administration in drug-naive animals; discriminative stimulus properties in monkeys trained to respond to either etorphine o...

Smoking is predisposed by social, environmental and genetic factors including variation in CYP2A6, CYP2D and CYP2B6, which encode nicotine and codeine metabolizing enzymes. In early adolescence, CYP2A6-induced slow nicotine metabolism was related with higher dependence and reduced cigarette consumption. Our commentary has fully extended prior work illustrating that slow nicotine metabolism medi...

Morphine is a well-known mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and an efficient analgesic, but its long-term use inevitably leads to drug addiction and tolerance. Here, we show that specific inhibition of beta-arrestin2 with its siRNA lentivirus microinjected in mice periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) significantly improved both acute and chronic morphine analgesia and delayed the tolerance in the hot...

AIM To investigate effects of thenorphine, a new compound of partial agonist of mu-opioid receptor, on the locomotor activity and the behavioral sensitization to morphine in mice. METHODS Locomotor activity was observed after administration of thenorphine or co-administration of thenorphine and morphine in mice. Mice were induced behavioral sensitization to morphine by intraperitoneal injecti...

BACKGROUND One of the problems that addicts suffer from is decreased libido. Erectile dysfunction has been reported in men using opioids for treatment of heroin addiction. OBJECTIVE The study was performed to investigate the effects of morphine and detoxification with methadone as causes of sexual dysfunction in addiction. METHODS AND METHODS A total of 40 adult male rats (Wistar) were used...

background: one of the problems that addicts suffer from is decreased libido. erectile dysfunction has been reported in men using opioids for treatment of heroin addiction. objective: the study was performed to investigate the effects of morphine and detoxification with methadone as causes of sexual dysfunction in addiction. methods and methods: a total of 40 adult male rats (wistar) were used....

The dangers of opioid overuse have been known for at least 150 years, yet in 2021 we are the midst an epidemic with addiction and overdose deaths a crisis level worldwide, especially US. Opioids like morphine were used cautiously severe pain by most physicians until massive change attitude occurred late 1980s. idea was spread, through aggressive marketing, that opioids oxycodone could be admini...

Addiction is a major problem of society. The existing evidences have shown that parental addiction impairs CNS development, learning, and memory. With respect to the role of glutamate in dentate gyrus on learning and memory, in this study, the effect of parental addiction to morphine on extracellular glutamate concentration in dentate gyrus was evaluated. For this purpose, male and female rats ...

BACKGROUND In Muslim majority countries (MMC) opioid use for pain management is extremely low. The underlying factors contributing to this are not well defined. AIM The aim of this study was to survey the attitudes of cancer patients towards morphine use for pain management in a MMC and identify the factors that influence patient decisions to accept or refuse morphine as treatment for cancer ...

Chronic morphine exposure can induce addiction and affect synaptic plasticity, but the underlying neuronal mechanisms remain unknown. Two forms of short-term synaptic depression (paired-pulse depression (PPD) and frequency depression) were investigated in vivo in the geniculo-cortical visual pathway of morphine-treated and saline-treated (as control) adult rats. Acute exposure to morphine had n...