There are three distinct questions associated with Simpson’s paradox. (i) Why or in what sense is Simpson’s paradox a paradox? (ii) What is the proper analysis of the paradox? (iii) How one should proceed when confronted with a typical case of the paradox?We propose a “formal” answer to the first two questions which, among other things, includes deductive proofs for important theorems regarding...

The purpose of the present study was to determine if junior high school students with and without histories of otitis media differed in their reading abilities. Reading scores from the SRA Achievement Test(1978) were analyzed for sets of pair—matched students. Paired t-tests revealed that for the majority of the subtests analyzed, there were no significant differences between the two groups. Th...

This article was republished on November 10, 2014, to correct errors in the online version only. The two affiliations for the second author, Bridget M. Barker, were omitted. These are now correct in the online version and are the following: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America Current address: Pathogen Genomics Division,...

1 Department of Biology, Queens College of The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA, 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, 3 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA, 4 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA, 5 Department of Land Resources and Enviro...

A pilot cropland carbon sequestration program within north central Montana has allowed farmers to receive carbon credit for management adjustments associated with changing from tillage-based agricultural systems to no-till. Carbon credit can also be obtained by adopting conservation reserve, where cropland is planted into perennial vegetation. Summer fallowing is also considered within the cred...

OBJECTIVES To design a model for performing reproducible, objective analyses of skin color changes and to apply this model to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic Arnica montana as an antiecchymotic agent when taken perioperatively. METHODS Twenty-nine patients undergoing rhytidectomy at a tertiary care center were treated perioperatively with either homeopathic A. montana or placebo in a dou...

Paleovalleys are components of regional unconformities that provide important constraints on the tectonic evolution of orogenic systems. Some paleovalleys represent canyons cut through deformed strata. Others comprise linear rift-valleys filled with lakes, streams, or alluvium. Locally preserved fluvial and alluvial gravel may directly link source regions to depositional basins, providing timel...

and weather on adult female elk survival across western North America Jedediah Brodie*, Heather Johnson, Michael Mitchell, Peter Zager, Kelly Proffitt, Mark Hebblewhite, Matthew Kauffman, Bruce Johnson†, John Bissonette, Chad Bishop, Justin Gude, Jeff Herbert, Kent Hersey, Mark Hurley, Paul M. Lukacs, Scott McCorquodale, Eliot McIntire‡, Josh Nowak, Hall Sawyer, Douglas Smith and P.J. White Wil...

We present the first records on pollination biology of Jacquemontia montana (Moric.) Meisn. (Convolvulaceae), a widespread climber in the Chapada Diamantina. Our objectives were to (1) characterise flower morphology and biology of J. montana; (2) sample flower visitors and (3) make inferences about potential pollinators, based on foraging behaviour. Observations and sampling were performed on t...

Histoplasmosis is caused by infection with the dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, following inhalation of contaminated soil. Among symptomatic patients, the most common clinical presentation is acute pneumonia. Persons with compromised immune systems are at risk for disseminated histoplasmosis, a severe illness requiring antifungal therapy that is often characterized by fever, malaise, a...