Causal effects often vary with the relative frequency of the causal property in the population of interest. (For example, "being a female candidate for high office causes a stir" only because such events are rare.) Such causal effects are called frequency-dependent, and they pose interesting problems for both philosophy of causality and philosophy of biology. 1 Elliot Sober 2 argues that certai...

in this study, undoped zno and doped with fe and mn nanostructures were synthesized by hydrothermal method. the morphology of nanostructures was characterized by scanning electron microscope. the electrochemical response of the carbon paste electrode modified with nanoparticles of zno and also zno doped with fe and mn toward levodopa (l-dopa) was studied. studies of cyclic voltammetry using pro...

-The effect of alcohol drinking in raising blood pressure (BP) is rapidly reversible. However, there is only limited information on the effect of binge drinking on BP values. In this study, 20 healthy men who were all social drinkers drank alcohol (2.2 g/kg) in controlled circumstances on a Saturday evening. Ambulatory BP measurement (ABPM) values were compared with ABPM values of the same subj...

AIMS Recent models have proposed several pharmacological means by which alcohol may produce heightened aggression, among them that alcohol may both hyper-arouse the reward system and diminish the threat detection system. The current study examined these hypotheses employing heart rate and blood pressure as physiological indices of arousal, examining whether arousal differed by alcohol group, an...

INTRODUCTION The objective of the paper was the presentation of observations and conclusions based on the review of autopsy records collected at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Białystok in the years 2004-2006. MATERIAL AND METHODS The criteria under evaluation included sex, age, alcohol level, carboxyhemoglobin concentration and site of poisoning. The COHb level wa...

BACKGROUND Severe obesity remains the leading public health crisis of the industrialized world, with bariatric surgery the only effective and enduring treatment. Poor psychological adjustment has been occasionally reported postoperatively. In addition, evidence suggests that patients can metabolize alcohol differently after gastric bypass. STUDY DESIGN Preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months pos...

In the past few years, research on sober spaces and well-filtered has got some breakthrough progress. this paper, we shall present a brief summarizing survey of such development. Furthermore, pose illustrate open problems spaces.