There is now considerable evidence that phobic responding is associated with a bias towards expecting aversive or traumatic outcomes following encounters with the phobic stimulus (e.g. Behavioural Brain Sci. 18 (1995) 289-325; Phobias: A Handbook of Theory, Research and Treatment. Wiley, Chichester, 1997). In terms of conditioning contingencies, this can be described as a bias towards expecting...

We recorded neural activity in the ventral pallidum (VP) while rats learned a pavlovian reward association. Rats learned to distinguish a tone that predicted sucrose pellets (CS+) from a different tone that predicted nothing (CS-). Many VP units became responsive to CS+, but few units responded to CS-. When two CS+ were encountered sequentially, the earliest predictor of reward became most pote...

Thailand implemented a Universal Coverage Scheme (UCS) of national health insurance in April 2001 to finance equitable access to health care. This paper compares inequalities in health service use before and after the UCS, and analyses the trend and determinants of inequality. The national Health and Welfare Surveys of 2001 and 2005 are used for this study. The concentration index for use of am...

OBJECTIVES To examine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) from diverse anatomic sites and invasive urothelial carcinomas (UCs) for expression of the oncofetal antigen glypican 3 (GPC3), the paired box transcription factor PAX8, and the ΔN isoform of p63 (p40). METHODS Immunohistochemistry for GPC3, PAX8, and p40 was performed on whole sections of 107 SCCs from 11 anatomic sites and 49 UCs; evalua...

Waste glass is promising to be recycled and reused in construction for sustainability. Silicon dioxide the main component of glass, however, its pozzolanic activity latent mainly due stable silica tetrahedron structure. To excite activation waste chemical mechanical grinding powder (WGP) were investigated. As supplementary, hydrothermal combined (mechanical-chemical-hydrothermal) treatments con...

BACKGROUND Myosins are motor proteins involved in processes like cell motility, vesicle transport, or cytokinesis. In a variety of organisms, a novel group of proteins forming the UCS (UNC-45/CRO1/SHE4) domain-containing family are essential for proper myosin function. The Saccharomyces cerevisae UCS domain protein She4p is involved in two myosin-requiring events, endocytosis and mRNA localizat...

UNC-45/CRO1/She4p (UCS) proteins have variously been proposed to affect the folding, stability, and ATPase activity of myosins. They are the only proteins known to interact directly with the motor domain. To gain more insight into UCS function, we determined the atomic structure of the yeast UCS protein, She4p, at 2.9 Å resolution. We found that 16 helical repeats are organized into an L-shaped...

Emotionally charged facial expressions (happy, fear) served as conditioned stimuli in a differential fear conditioning procedure. Expressions were presented in pseudo-random order on a computer monitor. For half of the participants, the fear expression was paired with an aversive electric stimulation (UCS), whereas the happy expression was unpaired. The other participants had the opposite pairi...

The role of contingency awareness in classical conditioning experiments using human subjects is currently under debate. This study took a novel approach to manipulating contingency awareness in a differential Pavlovian conditioning paradigm. Complex sine wave gratings were used as visual conditional stimuli (CS). By manipulating the fundamental spatial frequency of the displays, we were able to...