Mixing of air containing small water droplets is investigated in the laboratory model to elucidate smallest scales of air entrainment and mixing in real clouds. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is applied to evaluate turbulent characteristics of the flow field generated in the cloud chamber by buoyancy of the introduced mist. It permits to investigate dynamics of the process for scales from 0.0...

13 A new particle-resolved three dimensional direct numerical simulation (DNS) model is 14 developed that combines Lagrangian droplet tracking with the Eulerian field representa15 tion of turbulence near the Kolmogorov microscale. Six numerical experiments are per16 formed to investigate the processes of entrainment of clear air and subsequent mixing with 17 cloudy air and their interactions wi...

High D/L aspartic acid ratios are observed in heavy molecular weight aggregates and in water-insoluble protein extracted from whole lenses and nuclear and cortical regions. Purified alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins have low D/L ratios. Fractionation of urea-solubilized material from the water-insoluble protein yields four molecular weight classes of proteins. Fractions representing crosslin...

Scale formation and well plugging due to the incompatibility of injected waters is a critical field problem in oil recovery. A water injection process was successfully performed when the identification of the source of water, water quality considerations, and laboratory compatibility tests were considered. When different waters are mixed, it is necessary to evaluate their compatibility prior to...

High 228Ra/226Ra ctivity ratios characteristic of waters in the Amazon estuary provide a sensitive indicator of the presence of these waters in the Atlantic Ocean. A conservative mixing model utilizing the 228Ra/226Ra ctivity ratio (AR) tied to absolute measurements in the estuary allows us to estimate that 20-34% of the surface water east of the Antilles during June, 5-9% from the same area du...

A GCM cloud microphysics parameterization is tested and improved using the CCCMA single-column model with cloud properties obtained at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA) during the period of November 1997 to September 1998. The ECMWF reanalysis water vapor profile is scaled with rawinsonde data so that the new relative humidity profiles are compatible with rawinsonde...

Measurements of cloud liquid water properties are important in a wide range of disciplines including climate change, numerical weather prediction (NWP) and aircraft icing. A variety of remote sensing techniques have been developed to address this need, including both visible/infrared and microwave methods. Unlike visible and infrared radiation, microwaves with frequencies of 90 GHz and less are...

[1] The relationships between fractional entrainment rate and key microphysical quantities (e.g., liquid water content, droplet number concentration, volume mean radius, and standard deviation of cloud droplet size distributions) in shallow cumuli are empirically examined using in situ aircraft observations from the Routine Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Aerial Facility Clouds with Low Optic...